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Common Gartersnake - Thamnophis sirtalis
Native Species
Global Rank:
G5
State Rank:
S5
(see State Rank Reason below)
Agency Status
USFWS:
USFS:
BLM:
External Links
State Rank Reason (see State Rank above)
Species is apparently secure and not at risk of extirpation or facing significant threats in all or most of its range.
- Details on Status Ranking and Review
Common Gartersnake (Thamnophis sirtalis) Conservation Status Review
Review Date = 05/03/2018
Range Extent
ScoreG - 200,000-2,500,000 km squared (about 80,000-1,000,000 square miles)
Comment295,624 square Kilometers from Natural Heritage Program range maps
Long-term Trend
ScoreE - Relatively Stable (±25% change)
CommentHabitat is likely stable within +/- 25% since European settlement, the increasing in stock ponds may have increased the amount of habitat for this species
Short-term Trend
ScoreE - Stable. Population, range, area occupied, and/or number or condition of occurrences unchanged or remaining within ±10% fluctuation
CommentSpecies is regularly found during surveys of lentic sites within its range
Threats
ScoreH - Unthreatened. Threats if any, when considered in comparison with natural fluctuation and change, are minimal or very localized, not leading to significant loss or degradation of populations or area even over a few decades’ time. (Severity, scope, and/or immediacy of threat considered Insignificant.)
CommentNo operational threats in the next 15-20 years identified
Intrinsic Vulnerability
ScoreB - Moderately Vulnerable. Species exhibits moderate age of maturity, frequency of reproduction, and/or fecundity such that populations generally tend to recover from decreases in abundance over a period of several years (on the order of 5-20 years or 2-5 generations); or species has moderate dispersal capability such that extirpated populations generally become reestablished through natural recolonization (unaided by humans).
CommentModerately Vulnerable. Species exhibits moderate age of maturity, frequency of reproduction, and/or fecundity such that populations generally tend to recover from decreases in abundance within 5-20 years or 2-5 generations. Species has good dispersal ca
Environmental Specificity
ScoreC - Moderate. Generalist. Broad-scale or diverse (general) habitat(s) or other abiotic and/or biotic factors are used or required by the species but some key requirements are scarce in the generalized range of the species within the area of interest.
CommentFound in association with a wide range of mesic habitats
Raw Conservation Status Score
Score
3.5 + 0 (geographic distribution) + 0 (environmental specificity) + 0 (short-term trend) + 1 (threats) = 4.5
General Description
Adult Common Gartersnakes range from 16 to 42 inches in length. This snake has two color variations in Montana. The first has three yellow longitudinal stripes (one dorsal and two lateral) and a black stripe broken by red spots between the yellow stripes. The lateral stripes are located on the second and third scale rows above the belly scales. The second color variation has the same striping pattern but lacks the red dots. In both variations, the background color between stripes is black to dark olive. The belly color ranges from yellow to bluish, and some individuals of the red-sided color variation have small black spots on the edge of the belly scales. The dorsal scales are keeled, and normally there are seven scales on the upper lip. Coloration varies geographically. There are 19 dorsal scale rows at mid-body and lateral stripes on the 2nd and 3rd scale rows (also on row 4 in subspecies annectens). There are 7 upper labials, 1 preocular, and 3 postoculars. The scales are keeled, and the anal undivided. The total length of adults is usually 41 to 66 centimeters (up to 131 centimeters). Common Gartersnakes are around 12 to 23 centimeters at birth (Smith and Brodie 1982 and Conant and Collins 1991).
Diagnostic Characteristics
The Western Terrestrial Gartersnake has black spots overlapping the dorsal yellow stripe, and the background color between stripes tends to be brownish. The Plains Gartersnake has its lateral yellow stripes on the third and fourth scale rows above the belly scales, and the dorsal stripe is often orange or red. It differs from other sympatric gartersnakes by the following combination of characteristics: lateral stripe confined to the 2nd and 3rd scale rows (except in subspecies annectens), seven upper labials, tail less than 27% of total length, and 19 scale rows at mid-body.
Species Range
Montana Range
Range Descriptions
Native
Western Hemisphere Range
Observations in Montana Natural Heritage Program Database
Number of Observations: 1701
(Click on the following maps and charts to see full sized version)
Map Help and Descriptions
Relative Density
Recency
(Observations spanning multiple months or years are excluded from time charts)
Migration
The Common Gartersnake is non-migratory, although it has been observed traveling up to 17.7 kilometers between hibernacula and summer range (Gregory and Stewart 1975).
Habitat
Common Gartersnakes are found in nearly all habitats, but most commonly at lower elevations around water. Females give birth to 6 to 18 live young during summer. They eat a variety of vertebrates and invertebrates. They prefer moist habitats and are found most often along the borders of streams, ponds and lakes (Brunson and Demaree 1951, Franz 1971, and Anderson 1977). They may travel long distances (4 to 17 kilometers) from hibernacula to forage in preferred habitat (Gregory and Stewart 1975).
Ecological Systems Associated with this Species
- Details on Creation and Suggested Uses and Limitations
How Associations Were Made
We associated the use and habitat quality (common or occasional) of each of the 82 ecological systems mapped in Montana for
vertebrate animal species that regularly breed, overwinter, or migrate through the state by:
- Using personal observations and reviewing literature that summarize the breeding, overwintering, or migratory habitat requirements of each species (Dobkin 1992, Hart et al. 1998, Hutto and Young 1999, Maxell 2000, Foresman 2012, Adams 2003, and Werner et al. 2004);
- Evaluating structural characteristics and distribution of each ecological system relative to the species' range and habitat requirements;
- Examining the observation records for each species in the state-wide point observation database associated with each ecological system;
- Calculating the percentage of observations associated with each ecological system relative to the percent of Montana covered by each ecological system to get a measure of "observations versus availability of habitat".
Species that breed in Montana were only evaluated for breeding habitat use, species that only overwinter in Montana were only evaluated for overwintering habitat use, and species that only migrate through Montana were only evaluated for migratory habitat use.
In general, species were listed as associated with an ecological system if structural characteristics of used habitat documented in the literature were present in the ecological system or large numbers of point observations were associated with the ecological system.
However, species were not listed as associated with an ecological system if there was no support in the literature for use of structural characteristics in an ecological system,
even if point observations were associated with that system.
Common versus occasional association with an ecological system was assigned based on the degree to which the structural characteristics of an ecological system matched the preferred structural habitat characteristics for each species as represented in scientific literature.
The percentage of observations associated with each ecological system relative to the percent of Montana covered by each ecological system was also used to guide assignment of common versus occasional association.
If you have any questions or comments on species associations with ecological systems, please contact the Montana Natural Heritage Program's Senior Zoologist.
Suggested Uses and Limitations
Species associations with ecological systems should be used to generate potential lists of species that may occupy broader landscapes for the purposes of landscape-level planning.
These potential lists of species should not be used in place of documented occurrences of species (this information can be requested at:
mtnhp.org/requests) or systematic surveys for species and evaluations of habitat at a local site level by trained biologists.
Users of this information should be aware that the land cover data used to generate species associations is based on imagery from the late 1990s and early 2000s and was only intended to be used at broader landscape scales.
Land cover mapping accuracy is particularly problematic when the systems occur as small patches or where the land cover types have been altered over the past decade.
Thus, particular caution should be used when using the associations in assessments of smaller areas (e.g., evaluations of public land survey sections).
Finally, although a species may be associated with a particular ecological system within its known geographic range, portions of that ecological system may occur outside of the species' known geographic range.
Literature Cited
- Adams, R.A. 2003. Bats of the Rocky Mountain West; natural history, ecology, and conservation. Boulder, CO: University Press of Colorado. 289 p.
- Dobkin, D. S. 1992. Neotropical migrant land birds in the Northern Rockies and Great Plains. USDA Forest Service, Northern Region. Publication No. R1-93-34. Missoula, MT.
- Foresman, K.R. 2012. Mammals of Montana. Second edition. Mountain Press Publishing, Missoula, Montana. 429 pp.
- Hart, M.M., W.A. Williams, P.C. Thornton, K.P. McLaughlin, C.M. Tobalske, B.A. Maxell, D.P. Hendricks, C.R. Peterson, and R.L. Redmond. 1998. Montana atlas of terrestrial vertebrates. Montana Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit, University of Montana, Missoula, MT. 1302 p.
- Hutto, R.L. and J.S. Young. 1999. Habitat relationships of landbirds in the Northern Region, USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station RMRS-GTR-32. 72 p.
- Maxell, B.A. 2000. Management of Montana's amphibians: a review of factors that may present a risk to population viability and accounts on the identification, distribution, taxonomy, habitat use, natural history, and the status and conservation of individual species. Report to U.S. Forest Service Region 1. Missoula, MT: Wildlife Biology Program, University of Montana. 161 p.
- Werner, J.K., B.A. Maxell, P. Hendricks, and D. Flath. 2004. Amphibians and reptiles of Montana. Missoula, MT: Mountain Press Publishing Company. 262 p.
- Commonly Associated with these Ecological Systems
Forest and Woodland Systems
Grassland Systems
Human Land Use
Recently Disturbed or Modified
Shrubland, Steppe and Savanna Systems
Sparse and Barren Systems
Wetland and Riparian Systems
- Occasionally Associated with these Ecological Systems
Alpine Systems
Forest and Woodland Systems
Grassland Systems
Human Land Use
Recently Disturbed or Modified
Shrubland, Steppe and Savanna Systems
Sparse and Barren Systems
Wetland and Riparian Systems
Food Habits
Common Gartersnakes prey extensively on amphibians, especially during metamorphosis (Fitch 1965, Gregory and Stewart 1975, and Gregory 1984c). The western Montana diet varied little with the season and consisted of (% by number): Anura 46 (mostly Bufo boreas 23, Abystoma macrodactylum 13), Hirudo 41, and Oligochaeta 7. Slugs, birds and small mammals are also taken (Anderson 1977).
Ecology
Thamnophis sirtalis parietalis is noted to specialize in feeding in aquatic systems (Anderson 1977).
Reproductive Characteristics
Common Gartersnakes may mate in fall but most mate soon after emergence (late April to early June). Air temperature may trigger spring mating; mating is most intense at temperatures more than 15 degrees C. (Aleksink and Gregory 1974). Parturition is in late July to August in Kansas.
Stewardship Responsibility
References
- Literature Cited AboveLegend: View Online Publication
- Aleksiuk, M. and P.T. Gregory. 1974. Regulation of seasonal mating behaviour in Thamnophis sirtalis parietalis. Copeia 1974: 681-689.
- Anderson, M.E. 1977. Aspects of the ecology of two sympatric species of Thamnophis and heavy metal accumulation with the species. M.S. thesis, University of Montana, Missoula. 147 pp.
- Brunson, R.B. and H.A. Demaree, Jr. 1951. The herpetology of the Mission Mountains, Montana. Copeia (4):306-308.
- Conant, R. and J.T. Collins. 1991. A field guide to reptiles and amphibians of eastern and central North America. Third edition. Houghton Mifflin Company. Boston, MA. 450 pp.
- Fitch, H.S. 1965. An ecological study of the garter snake, Thamnophis sirtalis. University of Kansas Museum of Natural History Publication 15(10):493-564.
- Franz, R. 1971. Notes on the distribution and ecology of the herpetofauna of northwestern Montana. Bulletin of the Maryland Herpetological Society 7: 1-10.
- Gregory, P.T. 1984c. Habitat, diet and composition of assemblages of garter snakes (Thamnophis) at eight sites on Vancouver Island (Canada). Canadian Journal of Zoology 62(10): 2013-2022.
- Gregory, P.T. and K.W. Stewart. 1975. Long-distance dispersal and feeding strategy of the red-sided garter snake (Thamnophis sirtalis parietalis) in the interlake of Manitoba. Canadian Journal of Zoology 53: 238-245.
- Smith, H. M. and E.D. Brodie, Jr. 1982. Reptiles of North America. Golden Press, New York. 240 pp.
- Additional ReferencesLegend: View Online Publication
Do you know of a citation we're missing?- [VTNWI] VTN Wyoming Incorporated. No Date. Second year's analysis of terrestrial wildlife on proposed mine access and railroad routes in southern Montana and northern Wyoming, March 1979 - February 1980. VTN Wyoming Incorporated. Sheridan, WY. 62 p.
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- [WWPC] Washington Water Power Company. 1995. 1994 wildlife report Noxon Rapids and Cabinet Gorge Reservoirs. Washington Water Power Company. Spokane, WA.
- Aleksiuk, M. 1970. The effects of in vivo light and temperature acclimation on in vivo responses of heart rate to temperature in a cold-climate reptile, Thamnophis sirtalis parietalis. Canadian Journal of Zoology 48: 1155-1161.
- Aleksiuk, M. 1971a. Temperature dependent shifts in the metabolism of a cool temperate reptile Thamnophis sirtalis parietalis. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 39A: 495-503.
- Aleksiuk, M. 1971b. An isoenzymic basis for instantaneous cold compensation in reptiles: lactate dehydrogenase kinetics in T. sirtalis. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 40B: 671-681.
- Aleksiuk, M. 1976a. Metabolic and behavioral adjustments to temperature changes in the red-sided garter snake (Thamnophis sirtalis parietalis): an integrated approach. Journal of Thermal Biology I: 153-156.
- Aleksiuk, M. 1976b. Reptilian hibernation: evidence of adaptive strategies in Thamnophis sirtalis parietalis. Copeia 1976: 170-178.
- Aleksiuk, M. 1977. Cold-induced aggregative behavior in the red-sided garter snake (Thamnophis sirtalis parietalis). Herpetologica 33: 98-101.
- Aleksiuk, M. and K.W. Stewart. 1971. Seasonal changes in the body composition of the garter snake (Thamnophis sirtalis parietalis) at northern latitudes. Ecology 52: 485-490.
- Allen, E. and D. Crews. 1992. Sexual behavior and 2-deoxyglucose uptake in male red-sided Garter snakes (Thamnophis sirtalis parietalis). Brain Behavior and Evolution 40(1): 17-24.
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- Baxter, G.T. and M.D. Stone. 1985. Amphibians and reptiles of Wyoming. Second edition. Wyoming Game and Fish Department. Cheyenne, WY. 137 p.
- Begun, D., J.L. Kubie, M. Plough-O'Keefe, and M. Halpern. 1988. Conditioned discrimination of airborne odorants by garter snakes (Thamnophis radix and T. sirtalis sirtalis). Journal of Comparative Psychology 102(1): 35-43.
- Benton, M.J. 1980. Geographic variation in the garter snakes, T. sirtalis, of the north-central U.S., a multivariate study. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 68:307-323.
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- Bernardino, F.S. Jr. and G.H. Dalrymple. 1992. Seasonal activity and road mortality of the snakes of the Pa-hay-okee wetlands of Everglades National Park, USA. Biological Conservation 62(2): 71-75.
- Bittner, T.D. 2000. The evolutionary significance of melanism in the common garter snake, Thamnophis sirtalis. Unpubl. Ph.D. Dissertation, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb.
- Bittner, T.D. 2003. Polymorphic Clay Models of Thamnophis sirtalis Suggest Patterns of Avian Predation. Ohio Journal of Science 103(3): 62-66.
- Bittner, T.D., R.B. King, and J.M. Kerfin. 2002. Effects of body size and melanism on the thermal biology of garter snakes (Thamnophis sirtalis). Copeia 2: 477-482.
- Blackburn, D.G. and R.L. Lorenz. 2003a. Transmission EM of the chorioallantoic placenta of Thamnophis radix and T. sirtalis. Journal of Morphology 256(2):171-186.
- Blackburn, D.G. and R.L. Lorenz. 2003b. Transmission EM of the omphalallantoic placenta of Thamnophis radix and T. sirtalis. Journal of Morphology 256(2):187-204.
- Blaesing, M.E. 1979. Some aspects of the ecology of the eastern garter snake (Thamnophis sirtalis sirtalis) in a semi-disturbed habitat in West-Central Illinois. Journal of Herpetology 13: 177-181.
- Blanchard, F.C. 1943. A test of fecundity of the garter snake Thamnophis sirtalis sirtalis (Linnaeus) in the year of insemination. Papers of the Michigan Academy of Science, Arts and Letters 28: 313-316.
- Blanchard, F.N. and F.C. Blanchard. 1940. Factors determining the time of birth in garter snakes Thamnophis sirtali sirtalis (Linnaeus). Papers of the Michigan Academy of Science, Arts and Letters 26: 161-176.
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