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              • Species - Western Toad - Anaxyrus boreas
Western Toad - Anaxyrus boreas

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General Description
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National Vegetation Classification System Groups Associated with this Species
Forest and Woodland
Deciduous Forest and Woodland
Rocky Mountain Aspen Forest and Woodland PHOC HGCN
Low Elevation - Xeric Forest and Woodland
Foothills Limber Pine - Juniper Woodland
Rocky Mountain Ponderosa Pine Forest and Woodland HGCN
Utah Juniper Woodland
Montane - Subalpine Forest and Woodland
Cedar - Hemlock Forest HGCN
Dry Spruce-fir Forest
Interior PNW Douglas-fir Forest and Woodland
Lodgepole Pine Forest
Mesic Spruce-fir Forest
Montane - Subalpine Limber Pine Woodland PHOC
Montane Mesic Coniferous (Grand Fir - Douglas-fir - Western Larch) Forest
Rocky Mountain Douglas-fir Forest
Whitebark Pine - Subalpine Larch Forest and Woodland HOC HGCN
Shrubland
Foothills - Montane Shrubland
Lowland - Montane Shrubland HGCN
Montane - Subalpine Mesic Shrubland
Mountain Mahogany Woodland and Shrubland HGCN
Sagebrush Shrubland
Basin and Wyoming Big (Threetip) Sagebrush Shrubland HOC HGCN
Mountain Big Sagebrush Shrubland HGCN
Grassland
Lowland - Prairie Grassland
Rocky Mountain Low Elevation - Dry Grassland HOC HGCN
Montane - Subalpine Grassland
Montane - Subalpine Dry Grassland
Montane - Subalpine Mesic Grassland and Meadow
Wetland and Riparian
Alkaline - Saline Wetlands
Great Plains Saline Marsh and Wet Meadow HGCN
Alpine Riparian and Wetland
Alpine - Subalpine Herbaceous and Dwarf-Shrub Riparian and Wetland PHOC HGCN
Peatland
Great Plains Alkaline Fen HOC HGCN
Rocky Mountain Acidic Fen HOC HGCN
Rocky Mountain Alkaline Fen PHOC HGCN
Riparian and Wetland Forest
Lowland - Montane Riparian Deciduous Forest PHOC HGCN
Montane - Subalpine Riparian Forest HGCN
Montane Forested Wetland HGCN
Riparian Shrubland
Lowland - Montane Riparian Shrubland HGCN
Montane - Subalpine Riparian and Seep Shrubland HGCN
Wet Meadow and Marsh
Arid West Freshwater Marsh and Wet Meadow PHOC HGCN
Great Plains Wet Meadow, Marsh and Shrub Swamp PHOC HGCN
Montane Wet Meadow and Marsh HGCN
Recently Disturbed or Modified
Harvested Forest
Recently Logged
Insect-Killed Forest
Recent Insect/Disease Damage
Recently Burned
Recently Burned Forest
Recently Burned Sagebrush
Recently Burned Shrubland
Human Land Use
Agriculture
Pasture/Hay, Dryland
Developed
Developed - Low and Medium Intensity
Developed - Vegetation

References
  • Literature Cited AboveLegend:   View Online Publication
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  • Additional ReferencesLegend:   View Online Publication
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    • Muths, E. 2003. Home range and movements of boreal toads in undisturbed habitat: Copeia 2003: 160-165.
    • Muths, E. and P.S. Corn. 1997. Basking by adult boreal toads (Bufo boreas boreas) during the breeding season. Journal of Herpetology 31: 426-428.
    • Muths, E. and P.S. Corn. 2000. Boreal toad In: Endangered animals, a reference guide to conflicting issues. R.P. Reading and B. Miller (eds.) Greenwood Press, Westport CT. Pp. 60-65.
    • Muths, E., P.S. Corn, A.P. Pessier, and D.E. Green. 2003. Evidence for disease-related amphibian decline in Colorado. Biological Conservation 110: 357-365.
    • Muths, E., P.S. Corn, and T.R. Stanley. 2000. Use of Oxytetracycline in batch-marking post-metamorphic boreal toads. Herpetological Review 31(1): 28-32.
    • Muths, E., T.L. Johnson, and P.S. Corn. 2001. Experimental repatriation of boreal toad (Bufo boreas) eggs, metamorphs, and adults in Rocky Mountain National Park. Southwestern Naturalist 46(1): 106-113.
    • Nesler, T.P. and J.P. Goettl. 1994. Boreal toad recovery plan, Colorado Division of Wildlife, Denver, Colorado. 22 pp. plus appendices
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    • Patla, D.A. 1999b. Amphibians and reptiles of the Madison to Norris road improvement project area, Yellowstone National Park. 11 November, 1999. Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem Amphibian Survey and Monitoring Program, Herpetology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Idaho State University, Pocatello, ID. 17 p.
    • Patla, D.A. 2000. Amphibians in potential native fish restoration areas, Yellowstone National Park Part II. 7 March, 2000. Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem Amphibian Survey and Monitoring Program, Herpetology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Idaho State University, Pocatello, ID. 22 p.
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    • Patla, D.A. and C.R. Peterson. 1996a. Amphibians and reptiles along the Grand Loop Highway in Yellowstone National Park: Tower Junction to Canyon Village. 24 February, 1996. Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem Amphibian Survey and Monitoring Program, Herpetology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Idaho State University, Pocatello, ID. 49 p.
    • Patla, D.A. and C.R. Peterson. 1996b. Amphibians and reptiles along the Grand Loop Highway in Yellowstone National Park: Arnica Creek to Little Thumb Creek. 1 August, 1996. Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem Amphibian Survey and Monitoring Program, Herpetology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Idaho State University, Pocatello, ID. 35 p.
    • Patla, D.A. and C.R. Peterson. 1997. Amphibians and reptiles along the Grand Loop Highway in Yellowstone National Park: Mammoth Hot Springs to Norris Junction. 1 February, 1997. Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem Amphibian Survey and Monitoring Program, Herpetology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Idaho State University, Pocatello, ID. 60 p.
    • Patla, D.A. and C.R. Peterson. 1998. Amphibians of the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem. Natural Resource Conservation Cooperative News 11(Autumn 1998): 10-11.
    • Patla, D.A. and C.R. Peterson. 1999. Are amphibians declining in Yellowstone National Park? Yellowstone Science 1999 (Winter):2-11.
    • Patla, D.A. and C.R. Peterson. 2001. Status and trends of amphibian populations in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem, progress report, February 2001. Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem Amphibian Survey and Monitoring Program, Herpetology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Idaho State University, Pocatello, ID. 8 p.
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    • Pearson, A.K., T.B. Hayes, and P. Licht. 1998. Immunochemical identification of thyrotropes and gonadotropes in the pars distalis and pars tuberalis of the toad (Bufo boreas) with reference to ontogenic changes. General and Comparative Endocrinology 111:83-94.
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    • Peterson, C.R., C.J. Askey, and D.A. Patla. 1993. Amphibians and reptiles along the Grand Loop and Fountain Freight Roads between Madison Junction and Biscuit Basin in Yellowstone National Park. 26 July, 1993. Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem Amphibian Survey and Monitoring Program, Herpetology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Idaho State University, Pocatello, ID. 45 p.
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    • Putnam, R.W. and S.S. Hillman. 1977. Activity responses of anurans to dehydration. Copeia 1977(4): 746-749.
    • Reichel, J. and D. Flath. 1995. Identification of Montana's amphibians and reptiles. Montana Outdoors 26(3):15-34.
    • Reichel, J. D. In prep. Amphibian and reptile survey in southwest Montana: 1996. Unpublished report.
    • Reichel, J.D. 1997a. Amphibian, reptile and northern bog lemming survey on the Rocky Mountain Front: 1996. Montana Natural Heritage Program, Helena, MT. 81 p.
    • Reichel, J.D. and S.G. Beckstrom. 1993. Northern bog lemming survey: 1992. Unpublished report. Montana Natural Heritage Program, Helena, MT. 64 p.
    • Reinhard, E.G. 1930b. Miscellaneous note on Bufo boreas. Yellowstone Nature Notes 7(7): 46.
    • Roberts, B. 2010. 2009 Hebgen Basin Reptile and Amphibian Inventory, USDA Forest Service Annual Progress Report to PPL-Montana. Gallatin National Forest, Bozeman Ranger District. Bozeman, MT. 23 pp.
    • Robinson, M., M.P. Donovan, and T.D. Schwaner. 1998. Western toad (Bufo boreas) in southern Utah: notes on a single population along the east fork of the Sevier River. Great Basin Naturalist 58(1): 87-89.
    • Roedel, M.D. and P. Hendricks. 1998a. Amphibian and reptile survey on the Bureau of Land Management Lewistown District: 1995-1998. Montana Natural Heritage Program, Helena, MT. 53 p.
    • Roedel, M.D. and P. Hendricks. 1998b. Amphibian and reptile inventory on the Headwaters and Dillon Resource Areas in conjunction with Red Rocks Lakes National Wildlife Refuge: 1996-1998. Montana Natural Heritage Program, Helena, MT. 46 p.
    • Rogers, K., A. Schmidt, J. Wilkinson, and T. Merz. 2001. Effects of incidental UV-B radiation on periphyton in four alpine freshwater ecosystems in central Colorado: impacts on boreal toad tadpoles (Bufo boreas). Journal of Freshwater Ecology 16: 283-3
    • Rogers, M.W.. Jr. 1975. Development and behavior of larvae of the western toad (Bufo boreas). M.A. Thesis, University of Texas, Arlington. 68p.
    • Savage, J.M. and F.W. Schuierer. 1981. The eggs of toads of the Bufo boreas group, with descriptions of the eggs of Bufo exsul and Bufo nelsoni. Bulletin of the Southern California Academy of Science 60: 93-99.
    • Scherff-Norris, K.L. 1997. Hatchery manual for the rearing and propagation of captive boreal toads, Bufo boreas. Colorado Division of Wildlife. 21 pp.
    • Scherff-Norris, K.L. 1999. Final Report: experimental reintroduction of boreal toads (Bufo boreas boreas). Colorado Division of Wildlife. 32pp.
    • Schmetterling, D.A. and M.K. Young. 2008. Summer movements of boreal toads (Bufo boreas boreas) in two western Montana basins. Journal of Herpetology 42:111-123.
    • Schueler, F.W. 1982b. Sexual colour differences in Canadian western toads, Bufo boreas. Canadian Field Naturalist 96(3): 329-332.
    • Schuierer, F.W. 1962. Notes on two populations of Bufo exsul Myers and a commentary on speciation within the Bufo boreas group. Herpetologica 18(4): 262-267.
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    • Sestrich, C. 2004. Hebgen Reservoir Amphibian Survey: USDA Forest Service annual progress report to PPL Montana. 17 pp + appendix
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    • Shinn, E.A. and J.W. Dole. 1979a. Evidence for a role for olfactory cues in the feeding response of western toads (Bufo boreas). Copeia 1979(1): 1663-165.
    • Shinn, E.A. and J.W. Dole. 1979b. Lipid components of prey odors elicit feeding responses in western toads (Bufo boreas). Copeia 1979(2): 275-278.
    • Sivula, J.C., M.C. Mix, and D.S. McKenzie. 1972. Oxygen consumption of Bufo boreas boreas tadpoles during various developmental stages of metamorphosis. Herpetologica 28(4): 309-313.
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    • Thompson, P.D. 2004. Observations of boreal toad (Bufo boreas) breeding populations in northwestern Utah. Herpetological Review 35(4):342-344.
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Western Toad — Anaxyrus boreas.  Montana Field Guide.  .  Retrieved on , from