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Pronghorn - Antilocapra americana
Other Names:  Antelope

Image Copyright and Usage Information
Native Species

Global Rank: G5
State Rank: S5


Agency Status
USFWS:
USFS:
BLM:


 

External Links


Listen to an Audio Sample
Copyright Jeff Rice and the Western Soundscape Archive at the University of Utah. Audio file courtesy of the Acoustic Atlas at Montana State University (www.acousticatlas.org)
 
General Description
Coat rich russet-tan with white underside; large white rump patch; two white bands across throat; black markings on head; eyes large, dark; dew claws absent; horns of adult bucks 13 to 16 inches long with prongs and curved tips; horn sheaths shed annually; about 70% of adult does have horns (averaging 1 1/2 inches long); adult bucks weigh 125 lbs., does 110 lbs. Adult bucks territorial from March through September; does and fawns in small herds drift on and off buck's territories in spring and summer; herds of bachelor bucks excluded from territories; all ages and both sexes congregate in winter herds; during severe winters, herds drift for long distances seeking food; barriers to such movements limit populations; excited animals emit explosive snorts, erect white rump patches, and emit musky odor from glands in rump patches. Upperparts are reddish brown to tan; underparts, lower sides, rump, and two bands on the neck are white; neck has a short black mane; male has a black band along each side of the snout, a black patch on each cheek, and sometimes black bands on the neck; males and most females have horns (larger and usually forked in males; sheaths are shed annually); two toes on each hoofed foot; head and body length 100 to 150 cm, tail 8 to 18 cm, mass 36 to 70 kg (Nowak 1991).

Diagnostic Characteristics
Shape of the horns and annual shedding of horn sheaths are unique among North American ungulates. Differs from the Bighorn Sheep in having white bands on the neck and slightly curved horns rather than strongly curved horns. Differs from deer in having white lower sides rather than lower sides the same basic color as the upper sides; also, deer lack conspicuous white bands on the neck.

Species Range
Montana Range Range Descriptions

Native

Montana Distribution


Western Hemisphere Range

 


Observations in Montana Natural Heritage Program Database
Number of Observations: 5092

(Click on the following maps and charts to see full sized version) Map Help and Descriptions
Relative Density

Recency

 

(Observations spanning multiple months or years are excluded from time charts)



Migration
May migrate in response to severe weather or habitat conditions. Migration stops when conditions moderate.

Habitat
Open, rolling sagebrush and grasslands. Winter habitats less diverse than summer. Sagebrush-grassland preferred (Bayless 1967). Summers: mixed shrub, perennial grass- lands, silversage and annual forb types (Amstrup 1978). Also croplands (Wentland 1968). Prefer to corroborate with seasonal food habits.

Ecological Systems Associated with this Species
  • Details on Creation and Suggested Uses and Limitations
    How Associations Were Made
    We associated the use and habitat quality (common or occasional) of each of the 82 ecological systems mapped in Montana for vertebrate animal species that regularly breed, overwinter, or migrate through the state by:
    1. Using personal observations and reviewing literature that summarize the breeding, overwintering, or migratory habitat requirements of each species (Dobkin 1992, Hart et al. 1998, Hutto and Young 1999, Maxell 2000, Foresman 2012, Adams 2003, and Werner et al. 2004);
    2. Evaluating structural characteristics and distribution of each ecological system relative to the species' range and habitat requirements;
    3. Examining the observation records for each species in the state-wide point observation database associated with each ecological system;
    4. Calculating the percentage of observations associated with each ecological system relative to the percent of Montana covered by each ecological system to get a measure of "observations versus availability of habitat".
    Species that breed in Montana were only evaluated for breeding habitat use, species that only overwinter in Montana were only evaluated for overwintering habitat use, and species that only migrate through Montana were only evaluated for migratory habitat use.  In general, species were listed as associated with an ecological system if structural characteristics of used habitat documented in the literature were present in the ecological system or large numbers of point observations were associated with the ecological system.  However, species were not listed as associated with an ecological system if there was no support in the literature for use of structural characteristics in an ecological system, even if point observations were associated with that system.  Common versus occasional association with an ecological system was assigned based on the degree to which the structural characteristics of an ecological system matched the preferred structural habitat characteristics for each species as represented in scientific literature.  The percentage of observations associated with each ecological system relative to the percent of Montana covered by each ecological system was also used to guide assignment of common versus occasional association.  If you have any questions or comments on species associations with ecological systems, please contact the Montana Natural Heritage Program's Senior Zoologist.

    Suggested Uses and Limitations
    Species associations with ecological systems should be used to generate potential lists of species that may occupy broader landscapes for the purposes of landscape-level planning.  These potential lists of species should not be used in place of documented occurrences of species (this information can be requested at: mtnhp.org/requests) or systematic surveys for species and evaluations of habitat at a local site level by trained biologists.  Users of this information should be aware that the land cover data used to generate species associations is based on imagery from the late 1990s and early 2000s and was only intended to be used at broader landscape scales.  Land cover mapping accuracy is particularly problematic when the systems occur as small patches or where the land cover types have been altered over the past decade.  Thus, particular caution should be used when using the associations in assessments of smaller areas (e.g., evaluations of public land survey sections).  Finally, although a species may be associated with a particular ecological system within its known geographic range, portions of that ecological system may occur outside of the species' known geographic range.

    Literature Cited
    • Adams, R.A.  2003.  Bats of the Rocky Mountain West; natural history, ecology, and conservation.  Boulder, CO: University Press of Colorado.  289 p.
    • Dobkin, D. S.  1992.  Neotropical migrant land birds in the Northern Rockies and Great Plains. USDA Forest Service, Northern Region. Publication No. R1-93-34.  Missoula, MT.
    • Foresman, K.R.  2012.  Mammals of Montana.  Second edition.  Mountain Press Publishing, Missoula, Montana.  429 pp.
    • Hart, M.M., W.A. Williams, P.C. Thornton, K.P. McLaughlin, C.M. Tobalske, B.A. Maxell, D.P. Hendricks, C.R. Peterson, and R.L. Redmond. 1998.  Montana atlas of terrestrial vertebrates.  Montana Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit, University of Montana, Missoula, MT.  1302 p.
    • Hutto, R.L. and J.S. Young.  1999.  Habitat relationships of landbirds in the Northern Region, USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station RMRS-GTR-32.  72 p.
    • Maxell, B.A.  2000.  Management of Montana's amphibians: a review of factors that may present a risk to population viability and accounts on the identification, distribution, taxonomy, habitat use, natural history, and the status and conservation of individual species.  Report to U.S. Forest Service Region 1.  Missoula, MT: Wildlife Biology Program, University of Montana.  161 p.
    • Werner, J.K., B.A. Maxell, P. Hendricks, and D. Flath.  2004.  Amphibians and reptiles of Montana.  Missoula, MT: Mountain Press Publishing Company. 262 p.

Food Habits
Forbs in spring and summer; browse, especially sagebrush, in winter; small amounts of young grasses in spring and after fall rains. Presence of browse, particularly big sagebrush, is important limiting factor on northern ranges. Forbs important in summer, grasses usually minor all year (Bayless 1967 and Wentland 1968).

Ecology
Populations extremely dynamic. Move south during severe winter weather. Fences can be a major obstacle. May be incompatible with sheep, compatible with cattle. Extensive cultivation over-simplifies, reduces habitat.

Reproductive Characteristics
Breed in late September; two grayish-brown fawns; bucks fight viciously and sometimes fatally; territorial bucks hold harems to breed; bucks shed horn sheaths in November; females usually breed when 1 1/2 years old, but may breed as fawns. Females first breed as yearlings. Produce young at 2 years; occasionally breed as fawns. Males first breed as yearlings. Frequency about 1.9 to 1.95 viable conceptus/doe. Parturition mid- to late May.


References
  • Literature Cited AboveLegend:   View Online Publication
    • Armstrup, S.C. 1978. Activities and habitat use of pronghorns on Montana-Wyoming coal lands. Proc. Bienn. Pronghorn Ant. Workshop 8:270-306.
    • Bayless, S.R. 1967. Winter range use of pronghorn antelope in central Montana. M.S. thesis. Montana State University, Bozeman. 65 pp.
    • Nowak, R.M. 1991. Walker's mammals of the world. Fifth edition. Volumes I and II. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore. 1629 pp.
    • Wentland, H.J. 1968. Summer range habits of the pronghorn antelope in central Montana with special reference to proposed sagebrush control study plots. M.Sc. Thesis. Bozeman, MT: Montana State University. 65 p.
  • Additional ReferencesLegend:   View Online Publication
    Do you know of a citation we're missing?
    • [PRESI] Powder River Eagle Studies Incorporated. 1998b. Spring Creek Mine 1997 wildlife monitoring studies. Powder River Eagle Studies Incorporated. Gillete, WY.
    • Alldredge, A. W., R. D. Deblinger, and J. Peterson. 1991. Birth and fawn bed site selection by pronghorns in a sagebrush-steppe community. J. Wildl. Manage. 55:222-227.
    • Amstrup, S. C. and T. B. Segerstrom. 1981. Immobilizing free-ranging pronghorns with powdered succinylcholine chloride. J. Wild. Mgmt. 45(3):741-744.
    • Anonymous. 1946. Trapping and transplanting antelope. Montana Fish and Game Comm. 1945-46 Biennial Report.
    • Anonymous. 1963. Antelope change mating habits. Montana Wildl. April.
    • Bauer, Delane, 2002, 2002 Four Seasons Wildlife Study. Savage Mine Report, Richland County, Montana.
    • Bayless, S.R. 1969. Winter food habits, range use and home range of antelope in Montana. The Journal of Wildlife Management 33(3):538-551.
    • Beak Consultants, Inc. 1983. Circle West wildlife studies, Meridian Exchange study area, McCone County, Montana. Progress report no. 3/4 to the Meridian Land & Mineral Company. 21 p.
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    • Bromley, P.T. 1967. Pregnancy, birth, and behavioral development of the fawn, and territoriality in the pronghorn (Antilocapra americana) on the National Bison Range, Moiese, Montana. M.S. thesis. University of Montana, Missoula.
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