Search Field Guide
Advanced Search
MT Gov Logo
Montana Field Guide

Montana Field Guides

Pronghorn - Antilocapra americana
Other Names:  Antelope

Image Copyright and Usage Information
Native Species

Global Rank: G5
State Rank: S5


Agency Status
USFWS:
USFS:
BLM:


 

External Links


Listen to an Audio Sample
Copyright Jeff Rice and the Western Soundscape Archive at the University of Utah. Audio file courtesy of the Acoustic Atlas at Montana State University (www.acousticatlas.org)
 
General Description
Coat rich russet-tan with white underside; large white rump patch; two white bands across throat; black markings on head; eyes large, dark; dew claws absent; horns of adult bucks 13 to 16 inches long with prongs and curved tips; horn sheaths shed annually; about 70% of adult does have horns (averaging 1 1/2 inches long); adult bucks weigh 125 lbs., does 110 lbs. Adult bucks territorial from March through September; does and fawns in small herds drift on and off buck's territories in spring and summer; herds of bachelor bucks excluded from territories; all ages and both sexes congregate in winter herds; during severe winters, herds drift for long distances seeking food; barriers to such movements limit populations; excited animals emit explosive snorts, erect white rump patches, and emit musky odor from glands in rump patches. Upperparts are reddish brown to tan; underparts, lower sides, rump, and two bands on the neck are white; neck has a short black mane; male has a black band along each side of the snout, a black patch on each cheek, and sometimes black bands on the neck; males and most females have horns (larger and usually forked in males; sheaths are shed annually); two toes on each hoofed foot; head and body length 100 to 150 cm, tail 8 to 18 cm, mass 36 to 70 kg (Nowak 1991).

Diagnostic Characteristics
Shape of the horns and annual shedding of horn sheaths are unique among North American ungulates. Differs from the Bighorn Sheep in having white bands on the neck and slightly curved horns rather than strongly curved horns. Differs from deer in having white lower sides rather than lower sides the same basic color as the upper sides; also, deer lack conspicuous white bands on the neck.

Species Range
Montana Range Range Descriptions

Native

Montana Distribution


Western Hemisphere Range

 


Observations in Montana Natural Heritage Program Database
Number of Observations: 4994

(Click on the following maps and charts to see full sized version) Map Help and Descriptions
Relative Density

Recency

 

(Observations spanning multiple months or years are excluded from time charts)



Migration
May migrate in response to severe weather or habitat conditions. Migration stops when conditions moderate.

Habitat
Open, rolling sagebrush and grasslands. Winter habitats less diverse than summer. Sagebrush-grassland preferred (Bayless 1967). Summers: mixed shrub, perennial grass- lands, silversage and annual forb types (Amstrup 1978). Also croplands (Wentland 1968). Prefer to corroborate with seasonal food habits.

Ecological Systems Associated with this Species
  • Details on Creation and Suggested Uses and Limitations
    How Associations Were Made
    We associated the use and habitat quality (common or occasional) of each of the 82 ecological systems mapped in Montana for vertebrate animal species that regularly breed, overwinter, or migrate through the state by:
    1. Using personal observations and reviewing literature that summarize the breeding, overwintering, or migratory habitat requirements of each species (Dobkin 1992, Hart et al. 1998, Hutto and Young 1999, Maxell 2000, Foresman 2012, Adams 2003, and Werner et al. 2004);
    2. Evaluating structural characteristics and distribution of each ecological system relative to the species' range and habitat requirements;
    3. Examining the observation records for each species in the state-wide point observation database associated with each ecological system;
    4. Calculating the percentage of observations associated with each ecological system relative to the percent of Montana covered by each ecological system to get a measure of "observations versus availability of habitat".
    Species that breed in Montana were only evaluated for breeding habitat use, species that only overwinter in Montana were only evaluated for overwintering habitat use, and species that only migrate through Montana were only evaluated for migratory habitat use.  In general, species were listed as associated with an ecological system if structural characteristics of used habitat documented in the literature were present in the ecological system or large numbers of point observations were associated with the ecological system.  However, species were not listed as associated with an ecological system if there was no support in the literature for use of structural characteristics in an ecological system, even if point observations were associated with that system.  Common versus occasional association with an ecological system was assigned based on the degree to which the structural characteristics of an ecological system matched the preferred structural habitat characteristics for each species as represented in scientific literature.  The percentage of observations associated with each ecological system relative to the percent of Montana covered by each ecological system was also used to guide assignment of common versus occasional association.  If you have any questions or comments on species associations with ecological systems, please contact the Montana Natural Heritage Program's Senior Zoologist.

    Suggested Uses and Limitations
    Species associations with ecological systems should be used to generate potential lists of species that may occupy broader landscapes for the purposes of landscape-level planning.  These potential lists of species should not be used in place of documented occurrences of species (this information can be requested at: mtnhp.org/requests) or systematic surveys for species and evaluations of habitat at a local site level by trained biologists.  Users of this information should be aware that the land cover data used to generate species associations is based on imagery from the late 1990s and early 2000s and was only intended to be used at broader landscape scales.  Land cover mapping accuracy is particularly problematic when the systems occur as small patches or where the land cover types have been altered over the past decade.  Thus, particular caution should be used when using the associations in assessments of smaller areas (e.g., evaluations of public land survey sections).  Finally, although a species may be associated with a particular ecological system within its known geographic range, portions of that ecological system may occur outside of the species' known geographic range.

    Literature Cited
    • Adams, R.A.  2003.  Bats of the Rocky Mountain West; natural history, ecology, and conservation.  Boulder, CO: University Press of Colorado.  289 p.
    • Dobkin, D. S.  1992.  Neotropical migrant land birds in the Northern Rockies and Great Plains. USDA Forest Service, Northern Region. Publication No. R1-93-34.  Missoula, MT.
    • Foresman, K.R.  2012.  Mammals of Montana.  Second edition.  Mountain Press Publishing, Missoula, Montana.  429 pp.
    • Hart, M.M., W.A. Williams, P.C. Thornton, K.P. McLaughlin, C.M. Tobalske, B.A. Maxell, D.P. Hendricks, C.R. Peterson, and R.L. Redmond. 1998.  Montana atlas of terrestrial vertebrates.  Montana Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit, University of Montana, Missoula, MT.  1302 p.
    • Hutto, R.L. and J.S. Young.  1999.  Habitat relationships of landbirds in the Northern Region, USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station RMRS-GTR-32.  72 p.
    • Maxell, B.A.  2000.  Management of Montana's amphibians: a review of factors that may present a risk to population viability and accounts on the identification, distribution, taxonomy, habitat use, natural history, and the status and conservation of individual species.  Report to U.S. Forest Service Region 1.  Missoula, MT: Wildlife Biology Program, University of Montana.  161 p.
    • Werner, J.K., B.A. Maxell, P. Hendricks, and D. Flath.  2004.  Amphibians and reptiles of Montana.  Missoula, MT: Mountain Press Publishing Company. 262 p.

Food Habits
Forbs in spring and summer; browse, especially sagebrush, in winter; small amounts of young grasses in spring and after fall rains. Presence of browse, particularly big sagebrush, is important limiting factor on northern ranges. Forbs important in summer, grasses usually minor all year (Bayless 1967 and Wentland 1968).

Ecology
Populations extremely dynamic. Move south during severe winter weather. Fences can be a major obstacle. May be incompatible with sheep, compatible with cattle. Extensive cultivation over-simplifies, reduces habitat.

Reproductive Characteristics
Breed in late September; two grayish-brown fawns; bucks fight viciously and sometimes fatally; territorial bucks hold harems to breed; bucks shed horn sheaths in November; females usually breed when 1 1/2 years old, but may breed as fawns. Females first breed as yearlings. Produce young at 2 years; occasionally breed as fawns. Males first breed as yearlings. Frequency about 1.9 to 1.95 viable conceptus/doe. Parturition mid- to late May.

References
  • Literature Cited AboveLegend:   View Online Publication
    • Armstrup, S.C. 1978. Activities and habitat use of pronghorns on Montana-Wyoming coal lands. Proc. Bienn. Pronghorn Ant. Workshop 8:270-306.
    • Bayless, S.R. 1967. Winter range use of pronghorn antelope in central Montana. M.S. thesis. Montana State University, Bozeman. 65 pp.
    • Nowak, R.M. 1991. Walker's mammals of the world. Fifth edition. Volumes I and II. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore. 1629 pp.
    • Wentland, H.J. 1968. Summer range habits of the pronghorn antelope in central Montana with special reference to proposed sagebrush control study plots. M.Sc. Thesis. Bozeman, MT: Montana State University. 65 p.
  • Additional ReferencesLegend:   View Online Publication
    Do you know of a citation we're missing?
    • [PRESI] Powder River Eagle Studies Incorporated. 1998b. Spring Creek Mine 1997 wildlife monitoring studies. Powder River Eagle Studies Incorporated. Gillete, WY.
    • Alldredge, A. W., R. D. Deblinger, and J. Peterson. 1991. Birth and fawn bed site selection by pronghorns in a sagebrush-steppe community. J. Wildl. Manage. 55:222-227.
    • Amstrup, S. C. and T. B. Segerstrom. 1981. Immobilizing free-ranging pronghorns with powdered succinylcholine chloride. J. Wild. Mgmt. 45(3):741-744.
    • Anonymous. 1946. Trapping and transplanting antelope. Montana Fish and Game Comm. 1945-46 Biennial Report.
    • Anonymous. 1963. Antelope change mating habits. Montana Wildl. April.
    • Bauer, Delane, 2002, 2002 Four Seasons Wildlife Study. Savage Mine Report, Richland County, Montana.
    • Bayless, S.R. 1969. Winter food habits, range use and home range of antelope in Montana. The Journal of Wildlife Management 33(3):538-551.
    • Beak Consultants, Inc. 1983. Circle West wildlife studies, Meridian Exchange study area, McCone County, Montana. Progress report no. 3/4 to the Meridian Land & Mineral Company. 21 p.
    • Becker, Bruce W. 1972. Pronghorn-cattle range use and food habits relationships in an enclosed sagebrush control area. M.S. Thesis, Montana State University, Bozeman. 57 pp.
    • Beer, J. 1944. Distribution and status of pronghorn antelope in Montana. J. Mammal. 25:43-46.
    • Bergerson, W. R., and W. K. Thompson. 1946. Aerial census of Montana's antelope. Montana Fish and Game Department. Typewritten report. 24 pp.
    • Bilbao, J.V. 2008. Predicting feeding site selection of mule deer on foothill and mountain rangelands. M.Sc. Thesis. Bozeman, MT: Montana State University. 40 p.
    • Boccadori, S.J. 2002. Effects of winter range on a pronghorn population in Yellowstone National Park. M.Sc. Thesis. Bozeman, MT: Montana State University. 67 p.
    • Bodie, W. L. 1979. Factors affecting pronghorn fawn mortality in central Idaho. M.S. thesis. University of Montana, Missoula. 90 pp.
    • Bromley, P.T. 1967. Pregnancy, birth, and behavioral development of the fawn, and territoriality in the pronghorn (Antilocapra americana) on the National Bison Range, Moiese, Montana. M.S. thesis. University of Montana, Missoula.
    • Brown, D. L. 1954. Census and management of central Montana antelope. Proc. West. Assoc. State Game and Fish Comm. 34:211-215.
    • Bruns, E.H. 1970. Winter predation of golden eagles and coyotes on pronghorn antelopes. The Canadian Field-Naturalist 84:301-304.
    • Bruns, E.H. 1977. Winter behavior of pronghorns in relation to habitat. J. Wildl. Manage. 41(3):560-571.
    • Buck, P.D. 1947. The biology of the Antelope in Montana. M.Sc. Thesis. Bozeman, Montana: Montana State University, Bozeman. 70 p.
    • Buechner, H. K. 1961. Regulation of numbers of pronghorn antelope in relation to land use. Extract de La Terre et aI. Vie No.2. 266-285.
    • Campbell, R.B. 1970. Pronghorn, sheep and cattle range relationships in Carter County, Montana. M.Sc. Thesis. Bozeman, MT: Montana State University. 87 p.
    • Cole, G. F. 1953. Relationships of antelope to feed and seed alfalfa. Montana Fish and Game Department. P-R Quarterly Report. April-June: 10-13.
    • Cole, G. F. 1956. The pronghorn antelope: its range use and food habits in central Montana with special reference to alfalfa. Montana State College Agr. Exp. Stn. Bull. #516 63 pp.
    • Cole, G. F. 1957. A preliminary report on antelope - range relationships in central Montana. 10th Ann. Meeting, Amer. Soc. Range Manage., Great Falls. 10 pp.
    • Cole, G. F. 1959. The relationships of antelope to rangeland. Montana Fish and Game Department. Job Compl. Rept. Fed. Aid Proj. W-37-R-I0, Job B-4. (Multilith).
    • Cole, G.F. 1955. Range use and food habits of the pronghorn antelope in Central Montana with special reference to alfalfa. M.Sc. Thesis. Bozeman, MT: Montana State University. 75 p.
    • Cole, G.F. and B.T. Wilkins. 1958. The pronghorn antelope: its range use and food habits in central Montana with special reference to wheat. Montana Fish & Game Dept. Tech. Bull. 2. 39 p.
    • Compton, H. O. 1970. Southeastern Montana antelope population trends in relation to severe winters. Antelope Workshop, Scottsbluff, NE. 5 pp.
    • Compton, H. O., and D. Pyrah. 1972. Proc., Fifth Biennial Pronghorn Antelope States Workshop, Billings. 293 pp.
    • Confluence Consulting Inc. 2010. Montana Department of Transportation Wetland Mitigation Monitoring Reports (various sites). MDT Helena, MT.
    • Confluence Consulting Inc. 2011. Montana Department of Transportation Wetland Mitigation Monitoring Reports (various sites). MDT Helena, MT.
    • Confluence Consulting Inc. 2012. Montana Department of Transportation Wetland Mitigation Monitoring Reports (various sites). MDT Helena, MT.
    • Corneli, P. S. 1980. Pronghorn fawn mortality following coyote control on the National Bison Range. M.S. thesis. University of Montana, Missoula. 69 pp.
    • Couey, F. 1946. Antelope foods in southeastern Montana. J. Wildl. Mgmt. 10(4):367.
    • Couey, F. M. 1946. Antelope food studies report, Carter County. Montana Fish and Game Department, Special Report. 8 pp.
    • Craig, V. E. 1963. Antelope change mating habits under the spell of islands. Montana Wildlife, April:32.,
    • Cronin, M.A. 1986. Genetic relationships between White-tailed Deer, Mule Deer and other large mammals inferred from mitochondrial DNA analysis. M.Sc. Thesis. Bozeman, MT: Montana State University. 49 p.
    • Decker Coal Company., 1991, Decker Coal Company West Pit Permit. Vol. 3. 26.4.304(10-11), 305, 306, and 307. Updated Rules Rewrite, July 1, 1991.
    • Decker Coal Company., 1992, Decker Coal Company East Pit Permit. Vol. 7. Section 9 - Wildlife. Section 10 - AVF and Prime Farmland. July 1992.
    • Dood, A.R. 1980. Terry Badlands nongame survey and inventory final report. Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife, and Parks and Bureau of Land Management, Helena, MT. 70 pp.
    • Dow, A. S., Jr. and P. L. Wright. 1962. Changes in mandibular dentition associated with age in pronghorn antelope. Jour. Wildl. Mgmt. 26:1-18.
    • Dow, S. A., Jr. 1952. Antelope aging studies in Montana. Proc. West. Assoc. State Game and Fish Comm. 32:220-224.
    • Dow, S.A. No date. An evaluation of some criteria for age determination of the pronghorn (Antilocapra americana). M.S. thesis. University of Montana, Missoula. 229 pp.
    • Ecological Consulting Service (ECON), Helena, MT., 1972, Wildlife Investigations: 10 x 20 Mile Area, Colstrip, Montana. Project 9--01--A. Annual Report to Montana Power Company and Western Energy Company; December 1972 - December 1973. December 21, 1973.
    • Ecological Consulting Service (ECON), Helena, MT., 1973, Wildlife Investigations: Areas A & B, Colstrip, Montana. Project 1--01--A. Annual Report to Montana Power Company and Western Energy Company; December 1972 - December 1973. December 21, 1973.
    • Ecological Consulting Service (ECON), Helena, MT., 1973, Wildlife Investigations: Areas D & E, Colstrip, Montana. Project 13--01--A. Annual Report to Montana Power Company and Western Energy Company; December 1972 - December 1973. December 21, 1973.
    • ECON, Inc. (Ecological Consulting Service), Helena, MT., 1975, Colstrip 10 x 20 Area wildlife and wildlife habitat annual monitoring report, 1975. Proj. 71-23-A. December 31, 1975.
    • ECON, Inc. (Ecological Consulting Service), Helena, MT., 1976, Colstrip 10 x 20 Area wildlife and wildlife habitat annual monitoring report, 1976. Proj. 135-85-A. December 31, 1976.
    • Econ, Inc. (Ecological Consulting Service), Helena, MT., 1977, 1977 wildlife and wildlife habitat monitoring study, Peabody Coal Company Big Sky Mine. Proj. 161-85-A. November 30, 1977.
    • ECON, Inc. (Ecological Consulting Service), Helena, MT., 1977, Colstrip 10 x 20 Area wildlife and wildlife habitat annual monitoring report, 1977. Proj. 164-85-A. December 31, 1977.
    • ECON, Inc. (Ecological Consulting Service), Helena, MT., 1979, Annual wildllife report of the Colstrip Area for 1978. Proj. 195-85-A. April 6, 1979.
    • ECON, Inc. (Ecological Consulting Service), Helena, MT., 1979, Annual wildllife report of the Colstrip Area for 1979, including a special raptor research study. Proj. 216-85-A. March 1, 1980.
    • ECON, Inc. (Ecological Consulting Service), Helena, MT., 1979, Area B four-section wildlife report. August 3, 1979.
    • Econ, Inc. 1988. Wildlife monitoring report, 1987 field season, Big Sky Mine. March 1988. In Peabody Mining and Reclamation Plan Big Sky Mine Area B. Vol. 8, cont., Tab 10 - Wildlife Resources. Appendix 10-1, 1987 Annual Wildlife Report.
    • Econ, Inc., Helena, MT., 1991, Wildlife monitoring report: 1989 field season, Big Sky Mine. March 1991.
    • Edwards, J.M. 1977. A survey of big game animals on a proposed strip mining site at Sarpy Creek in southeastern Montana. M.Sc. Thesis. Bozeman, MT: Montana State University. 63 p.
    • Einarsen, A. S. 1948. The pronghorn antelope and its management. Wildlife Management Inst., Washington, D.C. 235 pp.
    • Endicott, C.L. 1996. Responses of riparian and stream ecosystems to varying timing and intensity of livestock grazing in central Montana. M.Sc. Thesis. Bozeman, MT: Montana State University. 115 p.
    • Enk, E.A. 1999. Population dynamics of bighorn sheep on the Beartooth Wildlife Management Area, Montana. Ph.D. Dissertation. Bozeman, MT: Montana State University. 177 p.
    • Farmer, Pat, and Dean Culwell, Westech, Inc. [Western Technology and Engineering], Helena, MT., 1981, Terrestrial wildlife reconnaissance. March 1981.
    • Fjell, Alan K., 1986, Peabody Coal Company Big Sky Mine, Rosebud County, MT. Wildlife monitoring report: 1985 field season. March 1986.
    • Fjell, Alan K., and Brian R. Mahan, compilers., 1984, Peabody Coal Company Big Sky Mine, Rosebud County, MT. Wildlife monitoring report: 1983 field season. February 1984.
    • Fjell, Alan K., and Brian R. Mahan., 1983, Peabody Coal Company Big Sky Mine, Rosebud County, MT. Wildlife monitoring report: 1982 field season. May 1983.
    • Fjell, Alan K., and Brian R. Mahan., 1985, Peabody Coal Company Big Sky Mine, Rosebud County, MT. Wildlife monitoring report: 1984 field season. February 1985.
    • Fjell, Alan K., and Brian R. Mahan., 1987, Big Sky Mine, Rosebud County, MT. Wildlife monitoring report: 1986 field season. April 1987.
    • Foresman, K.R. 2001. The wild mammals of Montana. American Society of Mammalogists, Special Publication Number 12. Lawrence, KS. 278 pp.
    • Foresman, K.R. 2012. Mammals of Montana. Second edition. Mountain Press Publishing, Missoula, Montana. 429 pp.
    • Freeman, J.S. 1971. Pronghorn range use and relation to livestock in southeastern, Montana. M.Sc. Thesis. Bozeman, MT: Montana State University. 45 p.
    • Gniadek, S. 1983. Southwest Glendive Wildlife Baseline Inventory. Miles City, Mont: Bureau of Land Management, Miles City District Office. 56 pp with appendices.
    • Greiner, E. C. 1965. The incidence of Protostrongylus macrotis in Antilocapra americana from Yellowstone National Park and a survey of the internal parasites of Odocoileus virginianus from Fergus County, Montana. Unpubl. Rep., Montana State University, Bozeman.
    • Grigg, J.L. 2007. Gradients of predation risk affect distribution and migration of a large herbivore. M.Sc. Thesis. Bozeman, MT: Montana State University. 94 p.
    • Guenther, G.E. 1989. Ecological relationships of bitterbrush communities on the Mount Haggin Wildlife Management Area. M.Sc. Thesis. Bozeman, MT: Montana State University. 73 p.
    • Hansen, J. J. 1987. Effect of stock density on ground cover on a southwest Montana foothills rangeland. M.Sc. Thesis. Bozeman, MT: Montana State University. 65 p.
    • Hatier, K.G. 1995. Effects of helping behaviors on Coyote packs in Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming. M Sc. Thesis. Bozeman, MT: Montana State University. 78 p.
    • Hendricks, P. and M. Roedel. 2001. A faunal survey of the Centennial Valley Sandhills, Beaverhead County, Montana. Report to the U.S. Bureau of Land Management and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Montana Natural Heritage Program, Helena, MT. 44 p.
    • Hoffman, T.L. 1996. An ecological investigation of mountain big sagebrush in the Gardiner Basin. M.Sc. Thesis. Bozeman, MT: Montana State University. 84 p.
    • Hoffmann, R.S. and D.L. Pattie. 1968. A guide to Montana mammals: identification, habitat, distribution, and abundance. Missoula, MT: University of Montana. 133 p.
    • Hoffmann, R.S., P.L. Wright, and F.E. Newby. 1969. The distribution of some mammals in Montana. I. Mammals other than bats. Journal of Mammalogy 50(3): 579-604.
    • Hood, B.R. 1995. A survey of free-ranging and captive wild ungulates for tuberculosis and other diseases. M.Sc. Thesis. Bozeman, MT: Montana State University. 84 p.
    • Humphris, Michael., 1990, Wildlife Monitoring Report. Spring Creek Coal Company 1990 Mining Annual Report. Appendix I. April 11, 1990.
    • Humphris, Michael., 1993, Wildlife Monitoring Report. Spring Creek Coal Company 1993 Mining Annual Report. Appendix I. April 11, 1993.
    • Humphris, Michael., 1994, Wildlife Monitoring Report. Spring Creek Coal Company 1994 Mining Annual Report. Appendix I. April 1994.
    • Hurlburt, L., and R. Owens. 1970. Observations and comparisons of Deer Lodge valley antelope. Powell County H.S. Summer Institute in Field Ecology.
    • Irby, L. R. 1981. Variation in defecation rates of pronghorns relative to habitat and activity level. Jour. Range Mgmt. 34(4):278-279.
    • Janson, R. G. 1960. Final report of the antelope census committee - a review of antelope census methods currently used by the districts revealed a variety of procedures, variable results, and a need for standardization of data presented in reports. Montana Dept. of Fish and Game, Game Manage. Div. 3 pp.
    • Johnson, C.M. 2002. Effects of black-tailed prairie dogs on the mixed-grass prairie in Montana. M.Sc. Thesis. Bozeman, MT: Montana State University. 89 p.
    • Johnson, J.R. 1966. The effects of some environmental influences on big sagebrush, Artemisia tridentata Nutt., reinvasion. M.Sc. Thesis. Bozeman, MT: Montana State University. 100 pp.
    • Johnson, K.R. 2006. Evaluation of Montana's Block Management Program. M.Sc. Thesis. Bozeman, MT: Montana State University. 140 p.
    • Joslin, Gayle, and Heidi B. Youmans. 1999. Effects of recreation on Rocky Mountain wildlife: a review for Montana. [Montana]: Montana Chapter of the Wildlife Society.
    • Kenyon Jr., M.W. 2006. Evaluation of a web-based tool for ungulate harvest management. M.Sc. Thesis. Bozeman, MT: Montana State University. 57 p.
    • Kitchen, D. W. and B. W. O'Gara. 1982. Pronghorn. In: Chapman, J. A. and G. A. Feldhamer, (eds). Wild mammals of North America. John Hopkins University Press, Baltimore. 1147 pp.
    • Loomis, J., and J. Cooper. 1988. The net economic value of antelope hunting in Montana. Montana Dept. of Fish, Wildlife ann Parks, Bozeman. 21 pp.
    • MacCracken, J.G. and D.W. Uresk. 1984. Big game habitat use in southeastern Montana. The Prairie Naturalist 16(3):135-139.
    • Martin, P.R., K. Dubois and H.B. Youmans. 1981. Terrestrial wildlife inventory in selected coal areas, Powder River resources area final report. Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks and Bureau of Land Management, Helena, MT. No. YA-553-CTO- 24. 288 p.
    • Martinka, C. 1966. International antelope herd. Montana Wildlife, July, 1966.
    • Martinka, C. J. 1966. A differential hunter harvest of pronghorn antelope in Montana. Proc. West. Assoc. State Fish and Game Comm.46:116-122.
    • Martinka, C. J. 1966. Winter mortality of pronhorn antelope in northern Montana. NW Sect., The Wildl. Soc., La Grande, OR. (Abstract)
    • Martinka, C.J. 1967. Mortality of northern Montana pronghorns in a severe winter. Journal of Wildlife Management 31(1):159-164.
    • Matthews, W.L. 1980a. Wibaux-Beach comparison study: Sydney, Glendive and Plevna Study Areas. Bureau of Land Management, Miles City, MT. 50 p.
    • Matthews, W.L. 1981. Broadus-Pumpkin Creek baseline inventory - wildlife. Bureau of Land Management, Miles City, MT. 83 p.
    • Maxell, B.A. 2016. Northern Goshawk surveys on the Beartooth, Ashland, and Sioux Districts of the Custer-Gallatin National Forest: 2012-2014. Montana Natural Heritage Program. Helena, MT. 114pp.
    • McCullough, Y.B. 1980. Niche separation of seven North American ungulates on the National Bison Range, Montana. Dissertation Abstracts International 41(2):453B-454B.
    • McCutchen, H. E. 1969. Age determination of pronghorns by the incisor cementum. J. Wildl. Manage. 33:172-175.
    • McCutchen, H.E. 1966. Aging pronghorn antelope by the incisor cementum. M.S. Thesis, University of Montana, Missoula. 49 pp.
    • Mcgowan, T. A., 1970, Antelope Management and BLM'S Wildlife Habitat Management Planning System
    • McNay, M. 1980. A study of the causes for poor pronghorn fawn-doe ratios on the Charles Sheldon Antelope Refuge, Nevada. M.S. thesis, University of Montana, Missoula.
    • Meridian Minerals Co., 1990, Meridian Minerals Company Bull Mountains Mine No. 1 Permit Application, Musselshell County, Montana. Vol. 7 of 14: Section 26.4.304(10): Text. January 31, 1990.
    • Montana Dept. of Fish, Wildlife and Parks. 1943-1992. Annual antelope hunting and harvest statistics. Helena.
    • Montana State Dept. of Health and Env. Sciences., 1975, Proceedings: Seminar, Advancements in Pesticides, Helena, MT, Sept. 16-18, 1975.
    • Moy, R. F. 1970. History of the subauriculen and rump glands of the pronghorn (Antilocapra americana ord). Am. J. Anat. 129:65-88.
    • Moy, R. F. 1971. Histology of the forefoot and hind foot interdigital and median glands of the pronghorn. J. Mammal. 52:441-446.
    • Moy, R.F. 1969. A study of five skin glands of the Pronghorn (Antilocapra americana Ord). M.A. thesis. University of Montana, Missoula. 127 pp.
    • Mundinger, J.G. 1975. The influence of rest-rotation grazing management on waterfowl production on stock-water reservoirs in Phillips County, Montana. M.Sc. Thesis. Bozeman, MT: Montana State University. 100 p.
    • Munshower, Frank F., 1974, Animal tissue collections and bone fluoride concentrations at Colstrip, MT. 1973. Collecting Report, 1973. January 1974.
    • Nelson, E. W. 1925. Status of the pronghorned antelope, 1922-1924. USDA Dept. Bull. No. 1346, Govt. Printing Office, Washington, DC. 64 pp.
    • Oechsli, L.M. 2000. Ex-urban development in the Rocky Mountain West: consequences for native vegetation, wildlife diversity, and land-use planning in Big Sky, Montana. M.Sc. Thesis. Montana State University, Bozeman. 73 p.
    • O'Gara, B. W. 1978. Differential characteristics of predator kills. Pp. 380-393 in Proc. 8th Biennial Pronghorn Antelope Workshop, Jasper, Alberta.
    • O'Gara, B. W. and G. Matson. 1975. Growth and casting of horns by pronghorns and exfoliation of horns by bovids. J. Mammals 56(4):829-846.
    • O'Gara, B. W. and K. R. Greer. 1970. Food habits in relation to physical condition in two populations of pronghorns. Proceedings 4th Annual Ant. St. Workshop 4:131-139.
    • O'Gara, B. W., R.F. Moy and G.D. Bear. 1971. The annual testicular cycle and horn casting in the pronghorn (Antilocapra americana). Journal of Mammalogy 52(3):537-544.
    • O'Gara, B.W. 1968. A study of the reproductive cycle of the female pronghorn (Antilocapra americana ORO). Ph.D Dissertation. University of Montana, Missoula, Montana. 161 pp.
    • O'Gara, B.W. 1969a. Unique aspects of reproduction in the female pronghorn (Antilocapra americana Ord). J. Anat. 125:217-231.
    • O'Gara, B.W. 1969b. Horn casting by female pronghorns. J. Mamm. 50:373-375.
    • O'Gara, B.W. 1970. Derivation of whole weights for the pronghorn. J. Wildl. Manage. 34:470-472.
    • O'Gara, B.W. 1978. Antilocapra americana. Mammalian Species 90:1-7.
    • Peabody Coal Company, Flagstaff, AZ., 1991, Wildlife monitoring report: 1990 field season, Big Sky Mine. July 1991.
    • Peabody Coal Company. Ecological Consulting Service, 1973, Environmental Impact Statement. Peabody Coal Company Big Sky Mine.
    • Powder River Eagle Studies, Gillette, WY., 1992, Big Sky Mine 1991 wildlife monitoring studies. Rev. February 1992.
    • Powder River Eagle Studies, Inc., Gillette, WY., 1994?, Big Sky Mine 1993 wildlife studies. Date???
    • Powder River Eagle Studies, Inc., Gillette, WY., 1995, Big Sky Mine 1994 wildlife monitoring studies. March 1995
    • Powder River Eagle Studies, Inc., Gillette, WY., 1995, Spring Creek Mine 1994 Wildlife Monitoring Studies. 4/94 to 4/95. Spring Creek Coal Company 1995 Mining Annual Report. Appendix I. May 1995.
    • Powder River Eagle Studies, Inc., Gillette, WY., 1996, 1995 wildlife monitoring report: Big Sky Mine. March 1996.
    • Powder River Eagle Studies, Inc., Gillette, WY., 1996, Spring Creek Mine 1995 Wildlife Monitoring Studies. Spring Creek Coal Company 1995-1996 Mining Annual Report. Vol. I, App. I. May 1996.
    • Powder River Eagle Studies, Inc., Gillette, WY., 1997, Spring Creek Mine 1996 Wildlife Monitoring Studies. February 1997.
    • Powder River Eagle Studies, Inc., Gillette, WY., 1998, 1997 wildlife monitoring: Big Sky Mine. March 1998.
    • Powder River Eagle Studies, Inc., Gillette, WY., 1999, Spring Creek Mine 1998 Wildlife Monitoring. March 1999.
    • Powder River Eagle Studies, Inc., Gillette, WY., 2000, Spring Creek Mine 1999 Wildlife Monitoring. March 2000.
    • Powder River Eagle Studies, Inc., Gillette, WY., 2000, Spring Creek Mine 2000 Wildlife Monitoring. March 2000.
    • Pyrah, D. 1970. Antelope herd ranges in central Montana. Presented at 4th Antelope States Workshop, Scottsbluff, NE, Jan. 27-28. pp. 1-8.
    • Pyrah, D. 1982. Mortality patterns of antelope in the Yellow Water Triangle. P. 1 in C. D. Eustace, comp., Proc. Mont. Chapt., The Wildl. Soc., Billings. 90 pp.
    • Pyrah, D.B. 1987. American pronghorn antelope in the Yellow Water Triangle, Montana. Wildlife Division MT Fish, Wildlife and Parks in cooperation with BLM US Department of the Interior. 121 p.
    • Reid, F. 2006. Peterson Field Guide to Mammals of North America, 4th Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company: Boston and New York, 608 pp.
    • Rickard, W.H. 1977. Big game resource in the Powder River Basin region, Montana-Wyoming. Richland, WA: Energy Research and Development Administration,National Coal Utilization Assessment, BNWL-RAP 11. 38 p.
    • Riersgard, K. A survey of 1949 winter loss of antelope, Carter unit. Montana Fish and Game Department. P-R Quarterly Report. April-June:256-307.
    • Roberts, D. A. 1970. Post-treatment studies of antelope range use, food habits and behavior during the summer season. M.S. thesis, Montana St. University, Bozeman. 56 pp.
    • Roberts, D.A. 1970. Antelope range use, food habits and behavior in relation to sagebrush eradication. M.Sc. Thesis. Bozeman, Montana. Montana State University. 56 p.
    • Roseland, K. 1977. Morphology of the pronghorn ovary (Antilocapra americana ord). University of Montana. 45 pp..
    • Rouse, C. H. 1954. Antelope and sheep fences, preliminary report of study. USDI Bureau of Land Management, Washington, DC. 20 pp.
    • Rouse, C. H. 1962. Antelope and sheep fences. Trans. Inter. Antelope Conf. 13:45-47.
    • Roybal, J.P. 1998. Winter mortality in the Northern Yellowstone Elk herd 1988-1990. M.Sc. Thesis. Bozeman, MT: Montana State University. 191 p.
    • Schladweiler, Philip, and John P. Weigand., 1983, Relationships of endrin and other chlorinated hydrocarbon compounds to wildlife in Montana, 1981-1982. September 1983.
    • Schleyer, B.O. 1983. Activity patterns of grizzly bears in the Yellowstone ecosystem and their reproductive behavior, predation and the use of carrion. M.Sc. Thesis. Bozeman, MT: Montana State University. 130 p.
    • Schomburg, J.W. 2003. Development and evaluation of predictive models for managing Golden Eagle electrocutions. M.Sc. Thesis. Bozeman, MT: Montana State Universtiy. 98 p.
    • Scott, M. D. 1988. Historical review of pronghorn populations and management in Yellowstone National Park. P. 22 in F. J. Singer, comp., First Ann. Meeting of Res. and Monitoring on Yellowstone's Northern Range. USDI National Park Service, Research Div., Yellowstone National Park, WY. 26 pp.
    • Scott, M. D. 1988. History of pronghorn antelope management in Yellowstone National Park. pp. 58-59 in Proc. Pronghorn Antelope Workshop. Hart Mountain, OR. 164 pp.
    • Scott, M. D. 1989. Determining a minimum genetically viable population size for Yellowstone pronghorns. Pp. 16-17 in F. J. Singer, comp., Socond Ann. Meeting of Res. and Monitoring on Yellowstone's Northern Range. USDI National Park Service, Research Div., Yellowstone National Park, WY. 18 pp.
    • Scott, M. D. 1989. Preliminary estimate of the effects of 1988 fires on Yellowstone pronghorns. Pp. 18-19 in T. McEneany, comp., Resource management workshop on the ecological effects of large 1988 fires in Yellowstone. Yellowstone National Park, WY. 25 pp.
    • Scott, M. D. 1990. Maintaining a genetically viable population of pronghorns in Yellowstone National Park. Pp. 23-24 in Proc. Pronghorn Antelope Workshop. Silver Creek, co. 140 pp.
    • Scott, M. D. 1991. Guidelines for surveys of pronghorn population size and habitat use on pronghorn winter range in Yellowstone National Park and Park County, Montana, 2nd. ed. USDI National Park Service, Research Div., Yellowstone National Park, WY.
    • Scott, M. D. 1991. Wildlife insights. The pronghorn antelope. Wildlife briefing papers. USDI National Park Service, Reseaech Div., Yellowstone National Park, WY. 2 pp.
    • Scott, M. D., and T. L. Terrel. 1976. Pronghorn antelope management potential on mining industry lands. Pp. 135-148 in Proc. Pronghorn Antelope Workshop. Twin Falls, Idaho. 222 pp.
    • Segerstrom, T.B. 1982. Effects of an operational coal mine on Pronghorn Antelope. M.Sc. Thesis. Bozeman, Montana: Montana State University. 68 p.
    • Selting, J.P. 1994. Seasonal use of agricultural lands by Mule Deer, White-Tailed Deer, and Pronghorn Antelope in Carter County, Montana. M.Sc. Thesis. Bozeman, Montana: Montana State University. 66 p.
    • Semmens, W.J. 1996. Seasonal movements and habitat use of the Highlands/Pioneer Mountains bighorn sheep herd of southwest Montana. M. Sc. Thesis. Bozeman, MT: Montana State University. 103 p.
    • Sika, J.L. 2006. Breeding ecology, survival rates, and causes of mortality of hunted and nonhunted Greater Sage-Grouse in central Montana. M.Sc. Thesis. Bozeman, Montana: Montana State University. 118 p.
    • Skinner, M. P. 1922. The American antelope in Yellowstone National Park. J. Mammal. 3(2): 1-32.
    • Spring Creek Coal Company., 1992, Wildlife Monitoring Report. Spring Creek Coal Company 1992 Mining Annual Report. Appendix I.
    • Swanger, J. L. 1977. Aspects of doe pronghorn social structure on the National Bison Range. M.S. thesis. University of Montana, Missoula. 95 pp.
    • Sypulski, J. L. 1954. The antelope in Montana. (Reprint) New York State Range School, 1953. Alumni News. 6 pp.
    • Thompson, L.S. 1981. Circle West wildlife monitoring study: Third annual report. Technical report No. 8. Montana Department of Natural Resources and Conservation. Helena, Montana.
    • Thompson, W. K. 1949. Predation on antelope. J. Wildlife. Manage. 13:313-314.
    • Thunderbird Wildlife Consulting, Inc., Gillette, WY., 2003, 2002 wildlife monitoring report: Big Sky Mine. February 2003.
    • Thunderbird Wildlife Consulting, Inc., Gillette, WY., 2003, Spring Creek Mine 2002 Wildlife Monitoring. March 2003.
    • Tsukamoto, G.K. 1983. Pronghorn antelope species management plan. Unpublished Report. Nevada Department of Wildlife, vi + 60 p.
    • Tyron, C. A., Jr., and P. D. Buck. 1950. Montana records of antelope embryos and reproductive tracts. J. Mammal. 31: 192-193.
    • U.S. Dept. of Interior. Bureau of Land Management., 1978, Technical Examination and Environmental Assessment. Final Western Energy Areas B & E Coal Lease Application.
    • U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service., 1984, Charles M. Russell National Wildlife Refuge, Montana: Draft Environmental Impact Statement.
    • U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service., 1985, Charles M. Russell National Wildlife Refuge, Montana: Final Environmental Impact Statement.
    • U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1980. Management of Charles M. Russell National Wildlife Refuge. Draft. Reprint
    • US. Dept. of Interior Geological Survey, 1977?, Draft environmental statement: Proposed 20-year plan of mining and reclamation, Westmoreland Resources Tract III, Crow Indian Ceded Area, Montana.
    • USDI Fish and Wildlife Service. Pronghorn Antelope. Conservation Note 11. 7 p.
    • USDI National Park Service. 1964. Pronghorn (antelope) and habitat management plan for Yellowstone National Park, 1964-65. Yellowstone National Park, WY. 4 pp.
    • USDI National Park Service., 2000, Bison Management for the State of Montana and Yellowstone National Park. Final Environmental Impact Statement for the Interagency Bison Management Plan for the State of Montana and Yellowstone National Park. Vol. I. August 2000.
    • Van Horn, R.C. 1993. Ferruginous Hawk and Prairie Falcon reproductive and behavioral responses to human activity near the Kevin Rim, Montana. M.Sc. Thesis. Bozeman, Montana: Montana State University. 86 p.
    • Von Gunten. 1978. Pronghorn fawn mortality on the National Bison Range. M.S. thesis. University of Montana, Missoula. 82 pp.
    • VTM Environmental Consultants, 1978?, Environmental Baseline Study. Spring Creek Project. Vol. 1.
    • VTN Colorado, Inc. Decker Coal Company., 1975, Draft environmental impact assessment for the proposed North Extension of the West Decker Mine.
    • VTN Environmental Sciences, Sheridan, Wyoming for Montana Dept. of State Lands, 1973, Environmental Analysis Decker Coal Company Mine, Decker, Montana.
    • Waage, B.C. 1984. Western Energy Company Rosebud Mine, Rosebud County, Montana: Annual Wildlife Monitoring Report, 1983 Field Season. June 1984.
    • Waage, B.C. 1986. Western Energy Company Rosebud Mine, Rosebud County, Montana: Annual Wildlife Monitoring Report, 1985 Field Season. December 1985.
    • Waage, B.C. 1986. Western Energy Company Rosebud Mine, Rosebud County, Montana: Annual Wildlife Monitoring Report, 1986 Field Season. December 1986.
    • Waage, B.C. 1987. Western Energy Company Rosebud Mine, Colstrip, Montana: Annual Wildlife Monitoring Report, 1987 Field Season. December 1987.
    • Waage, B.C. 1988. Western Energy Company Rosebud Mine, Colstrip, Montana: Annual Wildlife Monitoring Report, 1988 Field Season. December 1988.
    • Waage, B.C. 1989. Western Energy Company Rosebud Mine, Colstrip, Montana: Annual Wildlife Monitoring Report, 1989 Field Season. December 1989.
    • Waage, Bruce C., 1991, Western Energy Company Rosebud Mine, Colstrip, Montana: Annual Wildlife Monitoring Report, 1990 Field Season. September 1991.
    • Waage, Bruce C., 1992, Western Energy Company Rosebud Mine, Colstrip, Montana: Annual Wildlife Monitoring Report, 1991 Field Season. December 1992.
    • Waage, Bruce C., 1993, Western Energy Company Rosebud Mine, Colstrip, Montana: Annual Wildlife Monitoring Report; 1992 Field Season. December 1993.
    • Waage, Bruce C., 1993, Western Energy Company Rosebud Mine, Colstrip, Montana: Annual Wildlife Monitoring Report; 1993 Field Season. April 1993.
    • Waage, Bruce C., 1995, Western Energy Company Rosebud Mine, Colstrip, Montana:1994 Annual Wildlife Monitoring Report; December 1, 1993 - November 30, 1994. February 27, 1995.
    • Waage, Bruce C., 1996, Western Energy Company Rosebud Mine, Colstrip, Montana: 1995 Annual Wildlife Monitoring Report; December 1, 1994 - November 30, 1995. February 28, 1996.
    • Waage, Bruce C., 1998, Western Energy Company Rosebud Mine, Colstrip, Montana: 1997 Annual Wildlife Monitoring Report; December 1, 1996 - November 30, 1997 Survey Period. March 23, 1998.
    • Waage, Bruce C., 1999, Western Energy Company Rosebud Mine, Colstrip, Montana: 1998 Annual Wildlife Monitoring Report; December 1, 1997 - November 30, 1998 Survey Period. February 24, 1999.
    • Waage, Bruce C., 2001, Western Energy Company Rosebud Mine, Colstrip, Montana: 2000 Annual Wildlife Monitoring Report; December 1, 1999 - November 30, 2000. March 30, 2001.
    • Waage, Bruce C., 2002, Western Energy Company Rosebud Mine, Colstrip, Montana. 2001 Annual Wildlife Monitoring Report; December 1, 2000 - November 30, 2001. Febr. 26, 2002.
    • Waage, Bruce C., compiler., 1985, Western Energy Company Rosebud Mine, Rosebud County, Montana: Annual Wildlife Monitoring Report, 1984 Field Season. October 1985.
    • Weigand, J.P. 1994. Range use and interspecific competition of Rocky Mountain bighorn sheep in the Highland Mountains, Montana. M.Sc. Thesis. Bozeman, MT: Montana State University. 75 p.
    • Westech Environmental Services, Inc., 2003, Wildlife monitoring: Absaloka Mine area, 2002. April 2003
    • Western Energy Co., Colstrip, MT. Unpub., 1983, Western Energy Company's Application for Amendment to Surface Mining Permit NO. 8003, Area B: sections 7, 8, 17,18 T1N R41E, sections 12, 13 T1N R40E, Mining Expansion. March 1983.
    • Western Energy Co., Colstrip, MT., 1980, Western Energy Company Rosebud Mine, Colstrip, Montana: Annual Wildlife Report, 1980.
    • Western Energy Co., Colstrip, MT., 1981, Western Energy Company Rosebud Mine, Colstrip, Montana: Annual Wildlife Report, 1981.
    • Western Energy Co., Colstrip, MT., 1981, Western Energy Company's Application for a Surface Mining Permit: Area C - Block 1. Vol. 1. May 1981.
    • Western Energy Co., Colstrip, MT., 1982, Western Energy Company Rosebud Mine, Colstrip, Montana: Annual Wildlife Report, 1982.
    • Western Technology & Engineering, Inc. (WESTECH)., 1991, 1991 Bull Mountains Mine No. 1 Terrestrial Wildlife Monitoring Study. In Meridian Minerals Company Bull Mountains Mine No. 1 Permit Application, Musselshell County, Montana. Vol. 7 of 14: Section 26
    • Western Technology & Engineering, Inc., Helena, MT., 1995, Golden Sunlight Mines, Inc., Permit Amendment Terrestrial Wildlife Reconnaissance. Phase 2, Final Report. November 1995.
    • Western Technology and Engineering, Inc. (WESTECH)., 1989, Wildlife Monitoring: Absaloka Mine Area Annual Report, 1989. 12/21/88-12/20/89. Montana SMP 85005 R1. OSMP Montana 0007B. Febr. 15, 1990.
    • Western Technology and Engineering, Inc. (WESTECH)., 1993, Wildlife Monitoring Asaloka Mine Area Annual Report, 1992. Montana SMP 85005 R1. OSMP Montana 00078. 1993.
    • Western Technology and Engineering, Inc., Helena, MT. For Hydrometrics, Inc., Helena, MT., 1985, Reconnaissance of terrestrial wildlife resources in the vicinity of the Willow Creek Mine, September, 1985. October 31, 1985. In Operating Permit Amendment Application and Reclamation Plan for Willow Creek Talc, Inc. Proposed Operation Near Alder, Madison County, Montana (Willow Creek Talc, Inc., Alder, MT.)
    • Westmoreland Resources, Inc., 1992, Mining and Reclamation Plan for Absaloka Mine. Book G. Wildlife. Vol. 2. Exhibit G-17. 1991 Wildlife Report. Wildlife Monitoring and Additional Baseline Inventory: Absaloka Mine Area (Western Technology and Engineering,
    • Westmoreland Resources, Inc., Hardin, MT., 1983, 1983 Wildlife Monitoring.
    • Wood, A.K. 1987. Ecology of a prairie mule deer population. Ph.D. Dissertation. Bozeman, MT: Montana State University. 205 p.
    • Wood, A.K. 1989. Comparative distribution and habitat use by antelope and mule deer. Journal of Mammalogy 70(2):335-340.
    • Wright, P. L. and S. A. Dow, Jr. 1962. Minimum breeding age in pronghorn antelope. Journal of Wildlife Management 26(1):100-101.
    • Wright, P. L., S. A. Dow, and E. E. Roney, Jr. 1962. Growth and maturity in the pronghorn. 42nd Ann. Meet. Amer. Soc. Mammal.
    • Wyoming Game and Fish Department. Wyoming Big Game Mammals. Publication of Wyoming Game and Fish Dept. 10 p.
    • Yoakum, J.D., J. Cancino, and P.F. Jones. 2015. Pronghorn Bibliography. Twenty-sixth biennial Pronghorn Workshop, Alpine, Texas. Western Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies, Pronghorn Workshop, and Texas Parks and Wildlife Department. 318 p.
    • Zackheim, K. 1973. Exhibit H: Wildlife Study. In Ash Grove Cement Co. files.
  • Web Search Engines for Articles on "Pronghorn"
  • Additional Sources of Information Related to "Mammals"
Login Logout

Take us with you! PDF icon

Look for this PDF icon as you search and browse.  Click it to build a custom PDF with species shown on that page or for all the species within that taxonomic level.  To create your own list of species, use the PDF Creator tool at the bottom of the Advanced Search page.

Here's some links if you want to download a whole group.

Mammals
Birds
Reptiles
Amphibians
Fish
Invertebrates
Butterflies / Moths
Dragonflies / Damselflies
Ferns and allies
Conifers
Flowering Plants (Dicots)
Flowering Plants (Monocots)
Bryophytes
Lichens
Ecological Systems
Noxious Weeds
Citation for data on this website:
Pronghorn — Antilocapra americana.  Montana Field Guide.  .  Retrieved on , from