Montana Field Guide

Spruce Grouse - Falcipennis canadensis

Both sexes have tail feathers that are unbarred and narrowly tipped with white, and feathered legs. Males are gray and black above, with a black throat and a well-defined black breast patch bordered with white-tipped feathers; they have scarlet eye combs. Females are mostly white beneath but barred with black, gray, and buff. Females are also extensively barred on the head. Adult males and females range from 15-17 inches in length and average about 17.5 ounces in weight.

Although they are considerably smaller, Spruce Grouse are most likely to be confused with Blue Grouse. Male Spruce Grouse, however, have a black breast patch, while Blue Grouse do not. Female Spruce Grouse have white under parts with black barring, while female Blue Grouse have bluish-gray under parts. Ruffed Grouse have distinctly banded tails. White-tailed Ptarmigan are smaller than Spruce Grouse, and are found only in alpine and sub-alpine habitats. In the fall, ptarmigan are reddish-brown above, with belly, tail, and wings of white.

Montana Range

Spruce Grouse in Montana inhabit dense forest types such as alpine fir, Engelmann spruce, or lodgepole pine (FWP). Winter home ranges northeast of Missoula are covered by Douglas fir, ponderosa pine, lodgepole pine and larch. Douglas fir provided the most important cover; the average size being 24.1 hectars (Paterni 1976). North of Columbia Falls, hens with chicks occupied more open areas in winter (Stoneberg 1967).

Conifer needles (larch, ponderosa pine, lodgepole pine) were the main food in late fall through early spring (Paterni 1976, Stoneberg 1967). In summer, herbaceous vegetation and insects were utilized.

North of Columbia Falls, the density of territorial males was 5 per square mile with home territories of 10 to 15 acres (Stoneberg 1967). 80% of winter observations are of solitary birds; males were always alone, females may be with other females and/or immatures (Paterni 1976).

Predation by Goshawks, coyotes and Great Horned Owls were the major cause of nest failure. Chicks were reported by mid-July (Davis 1961). Near Fortine, broods of 4 to 6 hatched from June 20 to July 20.