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Yuma Myotis - Myotis yumanensis

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Species of Concern
Native Species

Global Rank: G5
State Rank: S3
(see State Rank Reason below)


Agency Status
USFWS:
USFS:
BLM:
FWP SWAP: SGIN

External Links

State Rank Reason (see State Rank above)
In Montana populations of this species are believed to be stable. However, the threat of catastrophic decline from White-Nose Syndrome, a fungal disease of bats responsible for the deaths of millions of individuals of closely related species in other areas, presents a treat of substantial declines within the state. Recent observations from Washington have confirmed the susceptibility of this species to WNS infection.
  • Details on Status Ranking and Review
    Yuma Myotis (Myotis yumanensis) Conservation Status Review
    Review Date = 09/25/2018
    Range Extent

    ScoreF - 20,000-200,000 km squared (about 8,000-80,000 square miles)

    Comment65,125 square Kilometers from Natural Heritage Program range maps

    Long-term Trend

    ScoreE - Relatively Stable (±25% change)

    CommentSpecies readily uses buildings and bridges as active season roosts, so any potential decrease in tree or rock outcrop roost has likely been offset through use of these structures. Therefore, it is unlikely a decline in available habitat has occurred over time.

    Short-term Trend

    ScoreU - Unknown. Short-term trend in population, range, area occupied, and number and condition of occurrences unknown.

    CommentNo data on trends available. No records of this species exist in MTNHP's databases prior to 2006.

    Threats

    ScoreB - Moderate and imminent threat. Threat is moderate to severe and imminent for a significant proportion (20-60%) of the population or area.

    CommentRecently this species has been observed with symptomatic WNS. It remains to be seen if differences in hibernacula used by western populations will change disease transmission dynamics and mitigate the effects of this disease on populations of this species in Montana. If impacts are similar to eastern species, extirpation is possible.

    SeverityModerate - Major reduction of species population or long-term degradation or reduction of habitat in Montana, requiring 50-100 years for recovery.

    CommentThe extent of WNS impacts to western bat species are currently unknown. If the disease dynamics are similar to the east coast, we may see declines of up to 100% for this species (High). Because many of our bats overwinter outside of caves, disease transmission and effects may differ and moderate population level impacts. Until we can quantify this better, the threat appears to be of Moderate severity, with a major reduction of population and recovery taking up to 100 years.

    ScopeModerate - 20-60% of total population or area affected

    CommentVery few of our bats hibernate in caves and mines so the extent of WNS impacts to the state’s population are difficult to quantify. Given the disease’s impacts on other related species, WNS will likely impact more than 20% of the population.

    ImmediacyModerate - Threat is likely to be operational within 2-5 years.

    CommentBased on the average rate of spread, we should expect to detect WNS or the causal pathogen to reach Montana within 5 years.

    Intrinsic Vulnerability

    ScoreB - Moderately Vulnerable. Species exhibits moderate age of maturity, frequency of reproduction, and/or fecundity such that populations generally tend to recover from decreases in abundance over a period of several years (on the order of 5-20 years or 2-5 generations); or species has moderate dispersal capability such that extirpated populations generally become reestablished through natural recolonization (unaided by humans).

    CommentSpecies is long lived and has low fecundity. As these animals can fly, dispersal to and recolonization of extirpated populations is possible.

    Environmental Specificity

    ScoreC - Moderate. Generalist. Broad-scale or diverse (general) habitat(s) or other abiotic and/or biotic factors are used or required by the species but some key requirements are scarce in the generalized range of the species within the area of interest.

    CommentDuring the active season species uses a variety of habitats with roosts and water as limiting factors. Hibernacula are unknown in Montana but likely include caves, mines, and rock outcrops including talus slopes.

    Raw Conservation Status Score

    Score 3.5 + 0 (geographic distribution) + 0 (environmental specificity) + 0 (long-term trend) + -0.75 (threats) = 2.75

 
General Description
The Yuma Myotis is a small bat typical in appearance for its genus and easily confused with the Little Brown Myotis (Myotis lucifugus). The species has short ears, brown fur, and dark membranes. To date it has only been observed in the northwest region of the state.

Diagnostic Characteristics
Similar in appearance to the Little Brown Myotis (Myotis lucifugus), these species can be difficult to distinguish from each other. Detailed examination of morphological attributes and characteristic call frequency can be used in some cases to separate these species where their ranges overlap. In most cases genetic identification is the only method to reliably identify this species. Yuma Myotis can be separated from other Myotis species by the absence of a well developed keel on the calcar, and ears of less than 14 mm.

Species Range
Montana Range Range Descriptions

Native

Western Hemisphere Range

 


Range Comments
The species' distribution in the state is uncertain due to the difficulties in differentiating it from the Little Brown Myotis (Myotis lucifugus). Acoustic surveys in northwestern Montana and museum vouchers identified with skull measurements indicate the species is present west of the Continental Divide, but genetic confirmation is needed.

Observations in Montana Natural Heritage Program Database
Number of Observations: 60

(Click on the following maps and charts to see full sized version) Map Help and Descriptions
Relative Density

Recency

 

(Observations spanning multiple months or years are excluded from time charts)



Habitat
Found near water in dry coniferous forests and arid shrublands. Summer day roosts include buildings, bridges, mines, and bat houses, sometimes caves and trees. Hibernacula not described.

Ecological Systems Associated with this Species
  • Details on Creation and Suggested Uses and Limitations
    How Associations Were Made
    We associated the use and habitat quality (common or occasional) of each of the 82 ecological systems mapped in Montana for vertebrate animal species that regularly breed, overwinter, or migrate through the state by:
    1. Using personal observations and reviewing literature that summarize the breeding, overwintering, or migratory habitat requirements of each species (Dobkin 1992, Hart et al. 1998, Hutto and Young 1999, Maxell 2000, Foresman 2012, Adams 2003, and Werner et al. 2004);
    2. Evaluating structural characteristics and distribution of each ecological system relative to the species' range and habitat requirements;
    3. Examining the observation records for each species in the state-wide point observation database associated with each ecological system;
    4. Calculating the percentage of observations associated with each ecological system relative to the percent of Montana covered by each ecological system to get a measure of "observations versus availability of habitat".
    Species that breed in Montana were only evaluated for breeding habitat use, species that only overwinter in Montana were only evaluated for overwintering habitat use, and species that only migrate through Montana were only evaluated for migratory habitat use.  In general, species were listed as associated with an ecological system if structural characteristics of used habitat documented in the literature were present in the ecological system or large numbers of point observations were associated with the ecological system.  However, species were not listed as associated with an ecological system if there was no support in the literature for use of structural characteristics in an ecological system, even if point observations were associated with that system.  Common versus occasional association with an ecological system was assigned based on the degree to which the structural characteristics of an ecological system matched the preferred structural habitat characteristics for each species as represented in scientific literature.  The percentage of observations associated with each ecological system relative to the percent of Montana covered by each ecological system was also used to guide assignment of common versus occasional association.  If you have any questions or comments on species associations with ecological systems, please contact the Montana Natural Heritage Program's Senior Zoologist.

    Suggested Uses and Limitations
    Species associations with ecological systems should be used to generate potential lists of species that may occupy broader landscapes for the purposes of landscape-level planning.  These potential lists of species should not be used in place of documented occurrences of species (this information can be requested at: mtnhp.org/requests) or systematic surveys for species and evaluations of habitat at a local site level by trained biologists.  Users of this information should be aware that the land cover data used to generate species associations is based on imagery from the late 1990s and early 2000s and was only intended to be used at broader landscape scales.  Land cover mapping accuracy is particularly problematic when the systems occur as small patches or where the land cover types have been altered over the past decade.  Thus, particular caution should be used when using the associations in assessments of smaller areas (e.g., evaluations of public land survey sections).  Finally, although a species may be associated with a particular ecological system within its known geographic range, portions of that ecological system may occur outside of the species' known geographic range.

    Literature Cited
    • Adams, R.A.  2003.  Bats of the Rocky Mountain West; natural history, ecology, and conservation.  Boulder, CO: University Press of Colorado.  289 p.
    • Dobkin, D. S.  1992.  Neotropical migrant land birds in the Northern Rockies and Great Plains. USDA Forest Service, Northern Region. Publication No. R1-93-34.  Missoula, MT.
    • Foresman, K.R.  2012.  Mammals of Montana.  Second edition.  Mountain Press Publishing, Missoula, Montana.  429 pp.
    • Hart, M.M., W.A. Williams, P.C. Thornton, K.P. McLaughlin, C.M. Tobalske, B.A. Maxell, D.P. Hendricks, C.R. Peterson, and R.L. Redmond. 1998.  Montana atlas of terrestrial vertebrates.  Montana Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit, University of Montana, Missoula, MT.  1302 p.
    • Hutto, R.L. and J.S. Young.  1999.  Habitat relationships of landbirds in the Northern Region, USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station RMRS-GTR-32.  72 p.
    • Maxell, B.A.  2000.  Management of Montana's amphibians: a review of factors that may present a risk to population viability and accounts on the identification, distribution, taxonomy, habitat use, natural history, and the status and conservation of individual species.  Report to U.S. Forest Service Region 1.  Missoula, MT: Wildlife Biology Program, University of Montana.  161 p.
    • Werner, J.K., B.A. Maxell, P. Hendricks, and D. Flath.  2004.  Amphibians and reptiles of Montana.  Missoula, MT: Mountain Press Publishing Company. 262 p.

Food Habits
Often prey on beetles as well as a variety of soft-bodied insects including flies, mosquitoes, mayflies, moths, and termites.

Ecology
Emerge when it is nearly dark, often foraging low over water. Sexes segregated; males roost singly or in small groups. Maternity colonies can include several hundred individuals. Females have one young, usually born in late June or July. April records in Montana could be spring migrants.

Reproductive Characteristics
This bat has only one young per year, and nothing is known about the mating and social system or natal sex ratio of this species. Mating is expected to be non-selective as in the Little Brown Myotis (Milligan 1993).

References
  • Literature Cited AboveLegend:   View Online Publication
    • Milligan, B.N., and R.M. Brigham, 1993. Sex ratio variation in the yuma bat (Myotis yumanensis). Canadian Journal of Zoology 71:937-940.
  • Additional ReferencesLegend:   View Online Publication
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    • Madson. M. 1990. Tate-Potter Cave. Unpublished report, with maps. 6 pp.
    • Martinez, S. 1999. Evaluation of selected bat habitat sites along the Mammoth-Norris grand loop road corridor, Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, 1997-1998. [Unpublished report submitted to the Montana Natural Heritage Program, Helena, MT]. 16pp.
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Yuma Myotis — Myotis yumanensis.  Montana Field Guide.  .  Retrieved on , from