Dark-eyed Junco - Montana Field Guide

Dark-eyed Junco - Junco hyemalis

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Native Species

Global Rank: G5
State Rank: S5B

Agency Status
USFWS: MBTA
USFS:
BLM:
PIF:

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Medium-sized songbird. Plumage is characterized by white outer tail-feathers that flash when the bird takes flight and by a gray or blackish "hood" (head, nape, throat) and dark back that contrast with its whitish breast and belly. Exhibits marked geographic variation in plumage coloration and moderate variation in size with intergradations between the five distinctive groups. Identification of most groups is well covered by Howell and Webb (1995), Rising (1996), Dickinson (1999), and Sibley (2014) (Nolan et al. 2002).

For a comprehensive review of the conservation status, habitat use, and ecology of this and other Montana bird species, please see Marks et al. 2016, Birds of Montana.

Montana Range Range Descriptions

Year-round

Western Hemisphere Range

Relative Density

Recency

SUMMER (Feb 16 - Dec 14)

Direct Evidence of Breeding

Indirect Evidence of Breeding

No Evidence of Breeding

WINTER (Dec 15 - Feb 15)

Regularly Observed

Not Regularly Observed

(Observations spanning multiple months or years are excluded from time charts)

The Bozeman migration for the Dark-eyed Junco (Oregon) is from March 25 to May 10 and September 6 to November 5. For the Dark-eyed Junco (Slate-colored), migration dates are from April 2 to May and October 3 to November 15.

Occurs across the continent from northern Alaska south to northern Mexico. Conspicuous ground-foraging flocks are often found in suburbs (especially at feeders), at edges of parks and similar landscaped areas, around farms, and along rural roadsides and stream edges (Nolan et al. 2002).

Details on Creation and Suggested Uses and Limitations
How Associations Were Made
We associated the use and habitat quality (common or occasional) of each of the 82 ecological systems mapped in Montana for vertebrate animal species that regularly breed, overwinter, or migrate through the state by:
1. Using personal observations and reviewing literature that summarize the breeding, overwintering, or migratory habitat requirements of each species (Dobkin 1992, Hart et al. 1998, Hutto and Young 1999, Maxell 2000, Foresman 2012, Adams 2003, and Werner et al. 2004);
2. Evaluating structural characteristics and distribution of each ecological system relative to the species' range and habitat requirements;
3. Examining the observation records for each species in the state-wide point observation database associated with each ecological system;
4. Calculating the percentage of observations associated with each ecological system relative to the percent of Montana covered by each ecological system to get a measure of "observations versus availability of habitat".
Species that breed in Montana were only evaluated for breeding habitat use, species that only overwinter in Montana were only evaluated for overwintering habitat use, and species that only migrate through Montana were only evaluated for migratory habitat use. In general, species were listed as associated with an ecological system if structural characteristics of used habitat documented in the literature were present in the ecological system or large numbers of point observations were associated with the ecological system. However, species were not listed as associated with an ecological system if there was no support in the literature for use of structural characteristics in an ecological system, even if point observations were associated with that system. Common versus occasional association with an ecological system was assigned based on the degree to which the structural characteristics of an ecological system matched the preferred structural habitat characteristics for each species as represented in scientific literature. The percentage of observations associated with each ecological system relative to the percent of Montana covered by each ecological system was also used to guide assignment of common versus occasional association. If you have any questions or comments on species associations with ecological systems, please contact the Montana Natural Heritage Program's Senior Zoologist.

Suggested Uses and Limitations
Species associations with ecological systems should be used to generate potential lists of species that may occupy broader landscapes for the purposes of landscape-level planning. These potential lists of species should not be used in place of documented occurrences of species (this information can be requested at: mtnhp.org/requests) or systematic surveys for species and evaluations of habitat at a local site level by trained biologists. Users of this information should be aware that the land cover data used to generate species associations is based on imagery from the late 1990s and early 2000s and was only intended to be used at broader landscape scales. Land cover mapping accuracy is particularly problematic when the systems occur as small patches or where the land cover types have been altered over the past decade. Thus, particular caution should be used when using the associations in assessments of smaller areas (e.g., evaluations of public land survey sections). Finally, although a species may be associated with a particular ecological system within its known geographic range, portions of that ecological system may occur outside of the species' known geographic range.

Literature Cited
- Adams, R.A. 2003. Bats of the Rocky Mountain West; natural history, ecology, and conservation. Boulder, CO: University Press of Colorado. 289 p.
- Dobkin, D. S. 1992. Neotropical migrant land birds in the Northern Rockies and Great Plains. USDA Forest Service, Northern Region. Publication No. R1-93-34. Missoula, MT.
- Foresman, K.R. 2012. Mammals of Montana. Second edition. Mountain Press Publishing, Missoula, Montana. 429 pp.
- Hart, M.M., W.A. Williams, P.C. Thornton, K.P. McLaughlin, C.M. Tobalske, B.A. Maxell, D.P. Hendricks, C.R. Peterson, and R.L. Redmond. 1998. Montana atlas of terrestrial vertebrates. Montana Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit, University of Montana, Missoula, MT. 1302 p.
- Hutto, R.L. and J.S. Young. 1999. Habitat relationships of landbirds in the Northern Region, USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station RMRS-GTR-32. 72 p.
- Maxell, B.A. 2000. Management of Montana's amphibians: a review of factors that may present a risk to population viability and accounts on the identification, distribution, taxonomy, habitat use, natural history, and the status and conservation of individual species. Report to U.S. Forest Service Region 1. Missoula, MT: Wildlife Biology Program, University of Montana. 161 p.
- Werner, J.K., B.A. Maxell, P. Hendricks, and D. Flath. 2004. Amphibians and reptiles of Montana. Missoula, MT: Mountain Press Publishing Company. 262 p.

Commonly Associated with these Ecological Systems
Forest and Woodland Systems
Grassland Systems
- Rocky Mountain Subalpine-Montane Mesic Meadow
Human Land Use
- High Intensity Residential
Recently Disturbed or Modified
Shrubland, Steppe and Savanna Systems
- Rocky Mountain Montane-Foothill Deciduous Shrubland
- Rocky Mountain Subalpine Deciduous Shrubland
Wetland and Riparian Systems
Occasionally Associated with these Ecological Systems
Forest and Woodland Systems
- Rocky Mountain Foothill Limber Pine - Juniper Woodland
Grassland Systems
- Rocky Mountain Lower Montane, Foothill, and Valley Grassland
- Rocky Mountain Subalpine-Upper Montane Grassland
Human Land Use
- Developed, Open Space
- Low Intensity Residential
Shrubland, Steppe and Savanna Systems
- Big Sagebrush Steppe
- Montane Sagebrush Steppe

Seeds and arthropods; occasionally fruit and waste grain in agricultural fields. Most food obtained from ground and leaf litter (Nolan et al. 2002).

Territory sizes for the Oregon form of 1.7 to 2.6 acres in Douglas-fir and lodgepole pine in western Montana have been recorded.

Nest site highly variable. Most often in small cavity on sloping bank or rock face, under protruding rock, among roots (especially on vertical surface of root ball of large trees topple by wind), and in sloping road cut (especially if overhung by grass or other vegetation). Eggs are elliptical, white, gray, pale bluish white, or pale-greenish white in color. Clutch size most often 4 eggs, 5 and 3 not uncommon (Nolan et al. 2002). Near Fortine, egg dates range from May 1 to August 3. Statewide, nesting is from mid-April to August.

Literature Cited AboveLegend: View Online Publication
- Dickinson, M.B. 1999. Field guide to the birds of North America. 3rd ed. Natl. Geogr. Soc. Washington, D.C.
- Howell, S. N. G., and S. Webb. 1995. A guide to the birds of Mexico and northern Central America. Oxford University Press, Oxford, United Kingdom.
- Marks, J.S., P. Hendricks, and D. Casey. 2016. Birds of Montana. Arrington, VA. Buteo Books. 659 pages.
- Nolan, V., Jr., E. D. Ketterson, D. A. Cristol, C. M. Rogers, E. D. Clotfelter, R. C. Titus, S. J. Schoech, and E. Snajdr. 2002. Dark-eyed Junco (Junco hyemalis). In The birds of North America, No. 716 (A. Poole and F. Gill, Eds.). Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia and American Ornithologists’ Union.
- Rising, J.D. 1996. A guide to the identification and natural history of the sparrows of the United States and Canada. Academic Press, Inc., San Diego, CA. 365 pp.
- Sibley, D. 2014. The Sibley guide to birds. Alfred A. Knopf, New York, NY. 598 pp.
Additional ReferencesLegend: View Online Publication
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