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Montana Field Guides

Ring-necked Pheasant - Phasianus colchicus

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Non-native Species

Global Rank: G5
State Rank: SNA


Agency Status
USFWS:
USFS:
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Copyright by Borror Laboratory of Bioacoustics, Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, all rights reserved.
 
General Description
The Ring-necked Pheasant adult male has a long, barred tail, iridescent coloration, white collar, and bright red face patch. The adult female also has a relatively long and strongly barred tail, but she has a dull, mottled brown back and buff-colored breast. Adult males range from 30 to 36 inches in length and average 2.9 pounds in weight; adult females range from 21 to 25 inches in length and average 2.1 pounds in weight.

For a comprehensive review of the conservation status, habitat use, and ecology of this and other Montana bird species, please see Marks et al. 2016, Birds of Montana.

Diagnostic Characteristics
Female or young Greater Sage-Grouse and Sharp-tailed Grouse can be confused with female pheasants or young pheasants of both sexes, but female Greater Sage-Grouse have a black belly patch and feathered legs, while female pheasants have a brown belly and bare legs. Sharp-tailed Grouse have a much shorter tail, feathered legs, and white under parts.

Species Range
Montana Range Range Descriptions

Non-native

Montana Distribution


Western Hemisphere Range

 


Observations in Montana Natural Heritage Program Database
Number of Observations: 19607

(Click on the following maps and charts to see full sized version) Map Help and Descriptions
Relative Density

Recency

SUMMER (Feb 16 - Dec 14)
Direct Evidence of Breeding

Indirect Evidence of Breeding

No Evidence of Breeding

WINTER (Dec 15 - Feb 15)
Regularly Observed

Not Regularly Observed


 

(Observations spanning multiple months or years are excluded from time charts)



Habitat
Habitat consists of open grassland and cropland areas with brushy cover, especially along watercourses. Good habitat consists of grain crops and undisturbed herbaceous cover associated with brush and trees. Extensive grasslands or forests do not provide good habitat (Reuel 1971). In winter pheasants are found mainly associated with brushy cover or tall grasses within a quarter mile of a source of grain for food.

Food Habits
In northwest Montana, wheat and barley occurred in 67% and 23% respectively of the crops collected in the fall, and accounted for 77% of crop volume (Austin 1972).

Ecology
Crowing cock densities were 13.8 per square mile in central Montana; sex ratio was 1 male:0.68 females (1 Male:2.36 Females for harems). Food in fields is utilized only if uncultivated cover is found nearby.

Reproductive Characteristics
Average clutch sizes of 10.1 (1958) and 6.7 (1959) were reported south of Missoula, with an August, 1959 brood size of 5.6 young. Peak hatching occurs in early June, but hatching continues into August. Skunks and Black-billed Magpies are the main nest predators.


References
  • Literature Cited AboveLegend:   View Online Publication
    • Austin, R.R. 1973. Habitat diversity as related to pheasant use on a game management area in Northwestern Montana. M.Sc. Thesis. Bozeman, MT: Montana State University. 63 p.
    • Janson, Reuel G., F. Hartkorn, and R. Greene. 1971. Ring-necked pheasant. pp. 153-159 in T.W. Mussehl and F.W. Howell (eds.), Game Management in Montana. Montana Department of Fish and Game, Helena. 238 pp.
    • Marks, J.S., P. Hendricks, and D. Casey. 2016. Birds of Montana. Arrington, VA. Buteo Books. 659 pages.
  • Additional ReferencesLegend:   View Online Publication
    Do you know of a citation we're missing?
    • American Ornithologists’ Union [AOU]. 1998. Check-list of North American birds, 7th edition. American Ornithologists’ Union, Washington, D.C. 829 p.
    • Anonymous. 1946. Trapping and transplanting ring-necked pheasants. Montana Fish and Game Comm. 1945-46 Biennial Report.
    • Anonymous. 1950. Pheasant harvest findings. Montana Fish and Game Department. P-R Quarterly Rep. January-March:72-77.
    • Anonymous. 1957. Summary of 1957 hunter return game farm pheasants. Montana Dept. of Fish and Game, Helena, MT. 2 pp.
    • Anonymous. 1959. Ring-necked pheasant. Montana Wildlife. November.
    • Anonymous. 1962. Hunting the hen. Montana Wildlife. January.
    • Anonymous. The hen pheasant controversy. Montana Dept. of Fish and Game, Helena, MT. 6 pp.
    • Arnold, D. A. 1958. The fox and the pheasant. Montana Wildlife. April.
    • Atwell, G. C. 1959. An evaluation of magpie predation on the Ring-necked Pheasant. M.S. thesis, University of Montana, Missoula.
    • Baldwin, W. D. 1918. Breeding the pheasant. Montana Fish and Game Comm. 1917-18 Biennial Report:71-75.
    • Bergeland, M. E., H. W. Moon, G. A. M. Sharman, and R. J. Greene. 1962. Pheasant death loss investigation at Fort Peck, Montana game farm, summer 1962. Montana Dept. of Fish and Game, Fort Peck. 6 pp.
    • Bergeson, W. R. 1947. Value of roadside counts in pheasant censusing in Montana. Proc. Western Assoc. State Game and Fish Comm. 27:149-153.
    • Bergeson, W. R. 1950. Band returns from game farm pheasants in Montana. Montana Fish and Game Dept. P-R Quarterly Rep., January March: 191·205.
    • Bergeson, W. R. 1952. Pheasant propagation in Montana. Montana Wildlife. Summer.
    • Bergeson, W., M. I. Fisher, and R. W. Hiatt. 1947. The validity of the roadside census as applied to pheasants. J. Wildl. Manage. 11:205-226.
    • Bird Conservancy of the Rockies. 2017. Pocket Guide to Northern Prairie Birds. Brighton, CO: Bird Conservancy of the Rockies. 98 p.
    • Bramblett, R.G., and A.V. Zale. 2002. Montana Prairie Riparian Native Species Report. Montana Cooperative Fishery Research Unit, Montana State University - Bozeman.
    • Buss, I. O., and F. Hartkom. 1948. Pheasants and range conditions - westen Montana, 1948. Montana Fish and Game Department Spec. Rep. 6 pp.
    • Confluence Consulting Inc. 2010. Montana Department of Transportation Wetland Mitigation Monitoring Reports (various sites). MDT Helena, MT.
    • Confluence Consulting Inc. 2011. Montana Department of Transportation Wetland Mitigation Monitoring Reports (various sites). MDT Helena, MT.
    • Confluence Consulting Inc. 2013. Montana Department of Transportation Wetland Mitigation Monitoring Reports (various sites). MDT Helena, MT.
    • Craighead, J. J., and M. G. Hornocker. 1962. A comparison of methods for obtaining mortality records of Ring-necked Pheasants. Journal of Wildlife Management 26(2):224-226.
    • DeSimone, R.M. 1975. Interspersion of cover types as related to pheasant use on a game management area in south-central Montana. M.Sc. Thesis. Bozeman, MT: Montana State University. 43 p.
    • DuBois, K.L. 1979. An inventory of the avifauna in the Long Pines of Southeastern Montana. M.Sc. Thesis. Bozeman, MT: Montana State University. 113 p.
    • Ecological Consulting Service (ECON), Helena, MT., 1972, Wildlife Investigations: 10 x 20 Mile Area, Colstrip, Montana. Project 9--01--A. Annual Report to Montana Power Company and Western Energy Company; December 1972 - December 1973. December 21, 1973.
    • Ecological Consulting Service (ECON), Helena, MT., 1973, Wildlife Investigations: Areas A & B, Colstrip, Montana. Project 1--01--A. Annual Report to Montana Power Company and Western Energy Company; December 1972 - December 1973. December 21, 1973.
    • ECON, Inc. (Ecological Consulting Service), Helena, MT., 1975, Colstrip 10 x 20 Area wildlife and wildlife habitat annual monitoring report, 1975. Proj. 71-23-A. December 31, 1975.
    • ECON, Inc. (Ecological Consulting Service), Helena, MT., 1976, Colstrip 10 x 20 Area wildlife and wildlife habitat annual monitoring report, 1976. Proj. 135-85-A. December 31, 1976.
    • ECON, Inc. (Ecological Consulting Service), Helena, MT., 1977, Colstrip 10 x 20 Area wildlife and wildlife habitat annual monitoring report, 1977. Proj. 164-85-A. December 31, 1977.
    • ECON, Inc. (Ecological Consulting Service), Helena, MT., 1979, Annual wildllife report of the Colstrip Area for 1978. Proj. 195-85-A. April 6, 1979.
    • ECON, Inc. (Ecological Consulting Service), Helena, MT., 1979, Annual wildllife report of the Colstrip Area for 1979, including a special raptor research study. Proj. 216-85-A. March 1, 1980.
    • ECON, Inc. (Ecological Consulting Service), Helena, MT., 1979, Area B four-section wildlife report. August 3, 1979.
    • Ehrlich, P., D. Dobkin, and D. Wheye. 1988. The birder’s handbook: a field guide to the natural history of North American birds. Simon and Schuster Inc. New York. 785 pp.
    • Everin, W. J. 1960. Pheasant research - hen shooting. Montana Dept. of Fish and Game. 2 pp.
    • Faanes, C.A. 1983. Breeding birds of wooded draws in western North Dakota. Prairie Nat. 15(4): 173-187.
    • Fritzen, D.E. 1995. Ecology and behavior of Mule Deer on the Rosebud Coal Mine, Montana. Ph.D. Dissertation. Bozeman, MT: Montana State University. 143 p.
    • Giudice, J. H., and J. T. Ratti. 2001. Ring-necked Pheasant (Phasianus colchicus). In The birds of North America, No. 572 (A. Poole and F. Gill, Eds.). Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia and American Ornithologists’ Union.
    • Goodell, J. 2012. Morse Land Company Breeding Bird Inventory And Analysis. High Desert Museum. Bend, OR. 42 pp + Appendices.
    • Greene, R. J. 1948. Pheasant nest predation by magpies. Montana Fish and Game Dept. P-R Quarterly Rep., October-December: 171-179.
    • Greene, R. J. 1948. Survival studies on game farm raised pheasant in Montana. Montana Fish and Game Dept. P-R Quarterly Rep., April-June: 329-343.
    • Greene, R. J., and F. L. Harktorn. 1947. Preliminary findings on pheasant banding and releasing in the Fairfield area. Montana Fish and Game Dept. P-R Quarterly Rep., July-September.
    • Haight, C.P. 1937. Some observations on the predator-prey complex in the Gallatin Valley. M.Sc. Thesis. Bozeman, Montana: Montana State University. 58 p.
    • Hale, K.M. 2007. Investigations of the West Nile virus transmission cycle at Medicine Lake National Wildlife Refuge, Montana, 2005-2006. M.Sc. Thesis. Bozeman, MT: Montana State University. 74 p.
    • Hartkorn, F. L. 1947. Preliminary ring-neck pheasant productivity check over Montana. Montana Fish and Game Dept. P-R Quarterly Rep., July-September.
    • Hartkorn, F. L. 1949. A study of Chinese pheasant feeding stations - Flathead County. Montana Fish and Game Dept. P-R Quarterly Rep., April-Iune:I-16.
    • Hartkorn, F. L. 1949. A study of Chinese pheasant feeding stations - Flathead County. Montana Fish and Game Dept. P-R Quarterly Rep., January-March:67-71.
    • Hartkorn, F. L. 1950. Spring-released hen pheasant investigation. Montana Fish and Game Dept. P-R Quarterly Rep., January- March:206-212.
    • Hartkorn, F. L. 1951. Effect of land use on pheasant production. Montana Fish and Game Dept. P-R Quarterly Rep., OctoberDecember: 38-40.
    • Hartkorn, F. L. 1951. Survival of game farm pheasants released in the Bitterroot Valley. Montana Fish and Game Dept. P-R Quarterly Rep., January-March:67-61.
    • Hartkorn, F. L., and R. J. Greene. 1947. Preliminary findings on Chinese pheasant banding and releasing on the Moiese Game Bird Farm. Montana Fish and Game Dept. P-R Quarterly Rep., July-September.
    • Hartkorn, F. L., W. W. Woodgerd, and W. Bergeson. 1953. Survival of game farm reared pheasants. Montana Fish and Game Dept. P-R Quarterly Rep., January-March: 102-110.
    • Hays, R., R.L. Eng, and C.V. Davis (preparers). 1984. A list of Montana birds. Helena, MT: MT Dept. of Fish, Wildlife & Parks.
    • Hejl, S.J., R.L. Hutto, C.R. Preston, and D.M. Finch. 1995. The effects of silvicultural treatments on forest birds in the Rocky Mountains. pp. 220-244 In: T.E. Martin and D.M. Finch (eds). Ecology and Management of Neotropical Migratory Birds. New York, NY: Oxford Univ. Press. 489 p.
    • Hendricks, P. 2000. Roadside bird counts on BLM lands in Petroleum and Fergus Counties, Montana. Montana Natural Heritage Program, Helena, MT. 57pp.
    • Hendricks, P., S. Lenard, C. Currier, and J. Carlson. 2007. Grassland bird surveys in north Valley County, Montana: 2001-2006. Report to the Bureau of Land Management, Glasgow Field Office. Montana Natural Heritage Program, Helena, Montana. 19 pp. plus appendices.
    • Hendricks, P., S. Lenard, D.M. Stagliano, and B.A. Maxell. 2013. Baseline nongame wildlife surveys on the Fort Peck Indian Reservation. Report to the Assiniboine and Sioux Tribes of the Fort Peck Indian Reservation. Montana Natural Heritage Program, Helena, MT. 83 p.
    • Herbert, J.T. 1977. An inventory of the bird population within the Sarpy Creek drainage, southeastern Montana. M.Sc. Thesis. Bozeman, MT: Montana State University. 81 p.
    • Hiatt, R. W., and H. I. Fisher. 1947. The reproductive cycle of ring-necked pheasants in Montana. Auk. 64:528-548.
    • Hiatt, R.W. 1946. The relation of pheasants to agriculture in the Yellowstone and Bighorn River valleys of Montana: a summary of the final report. Montana Fish and Game Dept. information leaflet. 8 pp.
    • Hiatt, R.W. 1947. The relation of pheasants to agriculture in the Yellowstone and Bighorn River valleys of Montana. Montana Fish and Game Comm., Wildl. Restor. Div. Bull. 72 pp.
    • Johnsgard, P.A. 1992. Birds of the Rocky Mountains with particular reference to national parks in the northern Rocky Mountain region. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. xi + 504 pp.
    • Johnson, K.R. 2006. Evaluation of Montana's Block Management Program. M.Sc. Thesis. Bozeman, MT: Montana State University. 140 p.
    • Joslin, Gayle, and Heidi B. Youmans. 1999. Effects of recreation on Rocky Mountain wildlife: a review for Montana. [Montana]: Montana Chapter of the Wildlife Society.
    • Knopf, F.L. 1986. Changing landscapes and the cosmopolitism of the eastern Colorado avifauna. Wildlife Society Bulletin 14(2):132-142.
    • Lenard, S. 2006. Birds of Blaine County, Riparian Point Count Surveys 2005. Report to the Bureau of LandManagement, Havre Field Station, Havre, Montana. Montana Natural Heritage Program, Helena, MT. 16pp.plus appendices.
    • Lenard, S. and P. Hendricks. 2005. Birds of selected grassland and riparian plots along the Rocky Mountain Front. Montana Natural Heritage Program for US Fish and Wildlife Service and The Nature Conservancy. 17pp + maps.
    • Lenard, S., J. Carlson, J. Ellis, C. Jones, and C. Tilly. 2003. P. D. Skaar's Montana bird distribution, 6th edition. Montana Audubon, Helena, MT. 144 pp.
    • Matthews, W.L. 1980a. Wibaux-Beach comparison study: Sydney, Glendive and Plevna Study Areas. Bureau of Land Management, Miles City, MT. 50 p.
    • Matthews, W.L. 1981. Broadus-Pumpkin Creek baseline inventory - wildlife. Bureau of Land Management, Miles City, MT. 83 p.
    • Maxell, B.A. 2016. Northern Goshawk surveys on the Beartooth, Ashland, and Sioux Districts of the Custer-Gallatin National Forest: 2012-2014. Montana Natural Heritage Program. Helena, MT. 114pp.
    • Montana Bird Distribution Committee. 2012. P.D. Skaar's Montana bird distribution. 7th Edition. Montana Audubon, Helena, Montana. 208 pp. + foldout map.
    • Montana Dept. of State Lands, 1978, Preliminary environmental review for the proposed granting of an underground mining permit to Beartooth Coal Company, Incorporated, for the reopening of an underground coal mine in the area of Bearcreek, Carbon County, Montana. July 10, 1978.
    • Montana Dept. of Transportation., 200?, Montana Dept. of Transportation Biological Resources Report: Wetland mitigation east of Browning. Montana Wetland ?? Proj. No. NH 0002(232) CN 0703. In Perry Ranch - East of Browning Wetland Mitigation Site, Glacier County. US#3. Man.? Fin Dist3 Admin.Dist3
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    • Oechsli, L.M. 2000. Ex-urban development in the Rocky Mountain West: consequences for native vegetation, wildlife diversity, and land-use planning in Big Sky, Montana. M.Sc. Thesis. Montana State University, Bozeman. 73 p.
    • Reavley, W. L. 1948. The pheasant program in Montana. Proc. Western Assoc. Fish and Game Comm., Salt Lake City, Utah. 28: 140-144.
    • Roby, E. F. 1951. A two year study of pheasant stocking in the Gallatin Valley, Montana. Journal of Wildlife Management 15:299-307.
    • Roby, E.F. 1960. A two-year study of Pheasant stocking the Gallatin Valley, Montana. M.Sc. Thesis. Bozeman, Montana: Montana State University. 36 p.
    • Rogers, R.R and A. Rogers. 1995. A survey of nesting ferruginous hawks (Buteo regalis) on public lands in Petroleum and Fergus counties, Montana. Prepared for the USDI Bureau of Land Management, Judith Resource Area. 17 p.
    • Ruff, R. L. 1963. A study of the predatory effects of a reduced magpie population on the ring-necked pheasant. M.S. thesis. University of Montana, Missoula. 96 pp.
    • Rundquist, V.M. 1973. Avian ecology on stock ponds in two vegetational types in north-central Montana. Ph.D. Dissertation. Bozeman, MT: Montana State University. 112 p.
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    • Weigand, J. P. 1973. Should we hunt the hen pheasant? Montana Outdoors 9(2):41-45.
    • Weigand, J.P., and R.G. Janson. 1976. Montana's ring-necked pheasant: history, ecology and management. Mont. Dept. Fish and Game, Game Div. Bull. 178 pp.
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    • Western Energy Co., Colstrip, MT., 1981, Western Energy Company Rosebud Mine, Colstrip, Montana: Annual Wildlife Report, 1981.
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    • Western Energy Co., Colstrip, MT., 1982, Western Energy Company Rosebud Mine, Colstrip, Montana: Annual Wildlife Report, 1982.
    • White, C.M., N.J. Van Lanen, D.C. Pavlacky Jr., J.A. Blakesley, R.A. Sparks, J.M.Stenger, J.A. Rehm-Lorber, M.F. McLaren, F. Cardone, J.J. Birek and D.J. Hanni. 2011. Integrated monitoring of bird conservation regions (IMBCR): 2010 Annual Report. Brighton, CO: Rocky Mountain Bird Observatory. 387 p.
    • Woodgerd, W. R. 1953. A study of plant development coincident with some phases of ring-necked pheasant breeding behavior. M.S. thesis. University of Montana, Missoula. 64 pp.
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Citation for data on this website:
Ring-necked Pheasant — Phasianus colchicus.  Montana Field Guide.  .  Retrieved on , from