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Rocky Mountain Tailed Frog - Ascaphus montanus

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Native Species

Global Rank: G4
State Rank: S4
(see State Rank Reason below)


Agency Status
USFWS:
USFS:
BLM:


 

External Links

State Rank Reason (see State Rank above)
Species is apparently secure and not at risk of extirpation or facing significant threats in all or most of its range.
  • Details on Status Ranking and Review
    Rocky Mountain Tailed Frog (Ascaphus montanus) Conservation Status Review
    Review Date = 05/03/2018
    Range Extent

    ScoreF - 20,000-200,000 km squared (about 8,000-80,000 square miles)

    Comment70,521 square Kilometers from Natural Heritage Program range maps

    Long-term Trend

    ScoreE - Relatively Stable (±25% change)

    CommentAlthough forest management practices and fire regimes have changed over the last century it is unlikely that the amount of habitat for this species has changed more than 25%. Loss of old growth timber may have contributed to a reduction in suitable habitat, but the extent of the impact on this species is unknown.

    Short-term Trend

    ScoreU - Unknown. Short-term trend in population, range, area occupied, and number and condition of occurrences unknown.

    CommentTo date surveys have not been conducted with enough frequency to determine trend

    Threats

    ScoreG - Slightly threatened. Threats, while recognizable, are of low severity, or affecting only a small portion of the population or area.

    CommentDegradation of stream habitat through logging or wildfire

    SeverityLow - Low but nontrivial reduction of species population or reversible degradation or reduction of habitat in area affected, with recovery expected in 10-50 years.

    CommentGiven current forest management practices, impacts should not persist for more than 50 years

    ScopeLow - 5-20% of total population or area affected

    CommentSpecies is found across a large area so impact to large portions of the population would be unlikely

    ImmediacyLow - Threat is likely to be operational within 5-20 years.

    CommentPossible within the next 20 years, but is not imminent.

    Intrinsic Vulnerability

    ScoreB - Moderately Vulnerable. Species exhibits moderate age of maturity, frequency of reproduction, and/or fecundity such that populations generally tend to recover from decreases in abundance over a period of several years (on the order of 5-20 years or 2-5 generations); or species has moderate dispersal capability such that extirpated populations generally become reestablished through natural recolonization (unaided by humans).

    CommentThis species has high fecundity, a moderate age of maturity, and recruitment can be low.

    Environmental Specificity

    ScoreB - Narrow. Specialist. Specific habitat(s) or other abiotic and/or biotic factors (see above) are used or required by the Element, but these key requirements are common and within the generalized range of the species within the area of interest.

    CommentSpecies is associated with montane streams within forested areas across western Montana.

    Raw Conservation Status Score

    Score 3.5 + 0 (geographic distribution) + 0 (environmental specificity) + 0 (long-term trend) + 0.75 (threats) = 4.25

 
General Description
EGGS
Laid in a jelly string as a globular mass containing 28 to 86 eggs (Noble and Putnam 1931; Franz 1970a). Each ovum is creamy white and surrounded by two jelly layers which themselves lie within the outer jelly string (Franz 1970a). Ovum diameters are approximately 4-5 mm (0.16-0.2 in), but total egg diameters, including the three jelly layers, are approximately 6-7 mm (0.2-0.28 in) (Metter 1967, Adams 1993). Clutches from multiple animals may be laid together in the same nest site (Adams 1993).

LARVAE
Base color is variable from solid black, to gray, to solid brown. White flecks may be present and most larvae have a white tail spot (Metter 1967). A large sucking disk is present around the mouth. The spiracle is mid-ventral and opens under a flap (Metter 1968). Total length (TL) of 10-64 mm (0.4-2.5 in) (Metter 1967, Franz 1971).

JUVENILES AND ADULTS
Pupil of the eye is vertical. This species lacks external ear drums (tympanums). The cloaca of males opens into a tear-shaped copulatory organ (the “tail”). Skin is a granulated texture. Base color is brown, reddish brown, or olive gray with yellow and gray mottling dorsally and a dark eye stripe. Ventrally cream to pinkish. The outer toe of the hind foot is broader than the other toes. Snout-vent length (SVL) of 20-57 mm (1.5-2 in) (Daugherty 1979, Daugherty and Sheldon 1982a).

VOICE:
This species lacks a tympanum and does not make calls for breeding purposes (Werner et al. 2004).

Diagnostic Characteristics
No other adult anuran species lack external ear drums (tympanums). No other larval anuran species have a large sucking disk around the mouth or are found in small swift streams.

Species Range
Montana Range Range Descriptions

Native

Western Hemisphere Range

 


Range Comments
Until recently tailed frogs were recognized as a single species with a disjunct distribution. The coastal population, ranging from northwestern California to southwestern British Columbia separated by hundreds of miles from a Rocky Mountain population that includes isolated populations in the Blue, Wallowa and Seven Devils Mountains and a more continuous population that ranges from central Idaho to the southeast corner of British Columbia (Metter 1968a). However, allozyme and mitochondrial DNA analyses indicate that the Rocky Mountain and coastal populations differ to the extent that a separate species designation is warranted (Daugherty 1979, Nielson and Lohman 2000, Maxell et al. 2009). Populations in the Rocky Mountains and those in the Blue, Wallowa and Seven Devils Mountain Ranges are now recognized as the Rocky Mountain Tailed Frog (Ascaphus montanus) and coastal populations are now recognized as the Coastal Tailed Frog (Ascaphus truei) (Mittleman and Myers 1949, Maxell et al. 2009). Across their entire range, the Rocky Mountain Tailed Frogs are known to occur at elevations up to 2,590 m (8,500 ft), or approximately up to the treeline (Nussbaum et al. 1983, Maxell 2009).

Maximum elevation: 2,661 m (8,729 ft) on unnamed tributary to Halfway Creek in the Pioneer Mountains in Beaverhead County (B. Murdock; MTNHP 2007).

Observations in Montana Natural Heritage Program Database
Number of Observations: 2140

(Click on the following maps and charts to see full sized version) Map Help and Descriptions
Relative Density

Recency

 

(Observations spanning multiple months or years are excluded from time charts)



Migration
Non-migratory. Has no breeding migration (Daugherty 1982).

Habitat
Rocky Mountain Tailed Frogs are found in and along small (< 4.5 m (14.8 ft) width), fast permanent forested streams with clear, cold water, cobble or boulder substrates, and little silt (Franz and Lee 1970, Franz 1971, Welsh 1990). In the Flathead area, larvae are found only in streams with temperature under 16 °C (60.8 °F). They prefer fast streams, less than 4.3 m (14 ft) wide, with substrate of slabby-flat bottomed rocks with little aquatic vegetation (Franz and Lee 1970).

Food Habits
Larvae feed mostly on diatoms, but also algae and small aquatic insects (Franz 1970b). Adults are opportunistic and forage mainly at night in forest near streams on a variety of aquatic and terrestrial invertebrates (Metter 1964b, Bury 1970).

Ecology
In Montana, adults usually remain underwater hidden by rocks or debris and emerge at night or during humid weather from May to September to feed terrestrially along stream edges (Daugherty and Sheldon 1982a). Tadpoles cling to the undersides or tops of smooth rocks which lack periphyton or silt (Nussbaum et al. 1983). Adults are highly philopatric but are known to forage up to 75 m (246 ft) away from water in Montana (Daugherty and Sheldon 1982b, Maxell et al. 2009). However, they may range farther from water in wetter areas. Gomez and Anthony (1996) found them in pitfall traps 200 m (656 ft) from streams in the Oregon Cascades and Corn and Bury (1990) found juveniles and adults ranging more than 300 m (984 ft) from the nearest stream west of the Cascade Mountains in Oregon and Washington. At high elevations in Montana, adults and juveniles have been found to be active diurnally in warmer standing water bodies 50-75 m (164-246 ft) away from streams during warm dry weather (Maxell et al. 2009). American Dippers (Cinclus mexicanus) have been documented predating on the closely related species Coastal Tailed Frog (Ascaphus truei) (Morrissey and Olenick 2004).

Reproductive Characteristics
In Montana, adults breed via internal fertilization in streams during August or September. Females store sperm overwinter (Metter 1964b) and ovipost eggs under large stones in areas with slight current the following June or July (Franz 1970a, Daugherty and Sheldon 1982a). Eggs hatch in August or September but remain in nest (under rocks in stream) until the yolk is consumed (October to November). Development of eggs under natural conditions is discussed by Franz (1970b). Tadpoles usually metamorphose in the third summer after hatching in July to September. In Montana, adults reproduce for the first time four or five years after metamorphosis (age 7-8) which is the latest of any North American amphibian. Females reproduce in alternate years thereafter (Daugherty 1979, Daugherty and Sheldon 1982a). Because of this species extremely philopatric nature, likely that there is very little gene flow between populations (Daugherty 1982).

Management
The following was taken from the Status and Conservation section for the Rocky Mountain Tailed Frog account in Maxell et al. 2009

Rocky Mountain Tailed Frogs are widely distributed and common west of the Continental Divide in smaller streams that have adequate amounts of cobble substrates. Their status in the front ranges east of the Continental Divide is uncertain. Risk factors relevant to the viability of populations of this species are likely to include all the general risk factors described above (especially those which change stream morphology, and increase sedimentation and water temperature), with the exception of harvest and commerce. Individual studies that specifically identify risk factors or other issues relevant to the conservation of tailed frogs include the following. (1) Although the impacts of timber harvest have not been studied in Montana, numerous studies have documented the extirpation of Rocky Mountain Tailed Frogs at a number of locations in the Pacific Northwest as a result of increased sedimentation and water temperature resulting from timber harvest and associated road building activities (Metter 1964, Bury 1983, Bury and Corn 1988, Welsh and Lind 1988, Corn and Bury 1989, Corn and Bury 1990, Welsh 1990, Bull and Carter 1996a). Because Rocky Mountain Tailed Frogs are highly philopatric, have limited dispersal capabilities, and are apparently somewhat reliant on old growth forests, streams they have been extirpated from may not be recolonized for extensive periods of time after timber harvest activities (Metter 1967, Daugherty and Sheldon 1982a, Corn and Bury 1989, Welsh 1990). Furthermore, some of these same studies found that even if Rocky Mountain Tailed Frogs were still present after timber harvest their density and biomass were negatively affected. Additionally, density and biomass were lower in younger stands than older stands (e.g., Corn and Bury 1990, Welsh 1990, Gomez and Anthony 1996). A study in the Blue Mountains of Oregon provides evidence that stream buffers do provide protection for Rocky Mountain Tailed Frogs in drier forests similar to those found across much of Montana. Bull and Carter (1996a) found that the number of Rocky Mountain Tailed Frogs was best predicted by a combination of stream substrates and the presence of stream buffers. (2) Although the impacts of piscicides have not been formally investigated, anecdotal evidence from treated areas in Montana suggests they may have major population-level impacts on Rocky Mountain Tailed Frogs (Andrew Sheldon, University of Montana, personal communication). Fontenot et al. (1994) and McCoid and Bettoli (1996) recently reviewed the impacts of rotenone-containing piscicides on amphibians and found that the effects of rotenone on newly metamorphosed and adult amphibians varied with the degree of each species’ aquatic respiration and their likelihood of exiting treated water bodies. They found the range of lethal doses of rotenone-containing piscicides for amphibian larvae (0.1-0.580 mg/L) to overlap to a large extent with lethal doses for fish (0.0165-0.665 mg/L), and to be much lower than the concentrations commonly used in fisheries management (0.5-3.0 mg/L). The nontarget effects of another piscicide, antimycin, have apparently not been formally studied, but preliminary observations seem to indicate that antimycin is also toxic to amphibian larvae (Patla 1998b). Tailed frog larvae and adults both use aquatic respiration and adults are unlikely to exit treated water bodies depending on the time of day (Daugherty and Sheldon 1982b).

References
  • Literature Cited AboveLegend:   View Online Publication
    • Adams, M.J. 1993. Summer nests of the tailed frog (Ascaphus truei) from the Oregon coast range. Northwestern Naturalist 74: 15-18.
    • Bull, E.L. and B.E. Carter. 1996a. Tailed frogs: distribution, ecology, and association with timber harvest in northeastern Oregon. USDA Forest Service, Research Paper PNW-RP-497, Portland, Oregon. 17p.
    • Bury, R.B. 1970. Food similarities in the tailed frog, Ascaphus truei, and the Olympic salamander, Rhyacotriton olympicus. Copeia 1970: 170-171.
    • Bury, R.B. 1983. Differences in amphibian populations in logged and old growth redwood forest. Northwest Science. 57(3): 167-178.
    • Corn, P.S. and R.B. Bury. 1989. Logging in western Oregon: responses of headwater habitats and stream amphibians. For. Ecol. and Manage. 29:39-57.
    • Corn, P.S. and R.B. Bury. 1990. Sampling methods for terrestrial amphibians and reptiles. General Techinical Report PNW-GTR 256, USDA, Forest Service. 34 p.
    • Daugherty, C.H. 1979. Population ecology and genetics of Ascaphus truei: an examination of gene flow and natural selection. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Montana. Missoula, MT. 143 pp.
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    • Daugherty, C.H. and A.L. Sheldon. 1982b. Age specific movement patterns of the frog Ascaphus truei. Herpetologica 38(4):468-474.
    • Fontenot, L.W., G.P. Noblet and S.G. Platt. 1994. Rotenone hazards to amphibians and reptiles. Herpetological Review 25(4):150-156.
    • Franz, R. 1970a. Egg development of the tailed frog under natural conditions. Bulletin of the Maryland Herpetological Society 6(2): 27-30.
    • Franz, R. 1970b. Food of larval tailed frogs. Bulletin of the Maryland Herpetological Society 6: 49-51.
    • Franz, R. 1971. Notes on the distribution and ecology of the herpetofauna of northwestern Montana. Bulletin of the Maryland Herpetological Society 7: 1-10.
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  • Additional ReferencesLegend:   View Online Publication
    Do you know of a citation we're missing?
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    • Adams, S. and C.A. Frissell. 2001. Thermal habitat use and evidence of seasonal migration by Rocky Mountain tailed frogs, Ascaphus montanus, in Montana. Canadian Field Naturalist 115(2): 251-256.
    • Altig, R. 1969. Notes on the ontogeny of the osseous cranium of Ascaphus truei. Herpetelogica 25:59-62.
    • Altig, R., and E.E. Brodie. 1972. Laboratory behavior of Ascaphus truei tadpoles. Journal of Herpetology 6: 21-24.
    • Black, J.H. and J.N. Black. 1968. Frog with a tail. Montana Outdoors 3(3): 3 p.
    • Black, J.H. and R. Timken. 1976. Endangered and threatened amphibians and reptiles in Montana. p 36–37. In R.E. Ashton, Jr. (chair). Endangered and threatened amphibians and reptiles in the United States. Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles Herpetological Circular 5: 1-65.
    • Blaustein, A.R., J.J. Beatty, H. Deanna, and R.M. Storm. 1995. The biology of amphibians and reptiles in old-growth forests in the Pacific Northwest. General Technical Report PNW-GTR-337. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 98 p.
    • Bogart, J.P., E.K. Balon, and M.N. Bruton. 1994. The chromosomes of the living coelacanth and their remarkable similarity to those of one of the most ancient frogs. Journal of Heredity 85(4): 322-325.
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    • Hazelwood, W.G. 1993. Extending the known range of tailed frog populations in British Columbia. Unpublished report. Alpenglow Resources, Terrace, British Columbia.
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    • Hendricks, P. 1997. Lee Metcalf National Wildlife Refuge preliminary amphibian and reptile investigations: 1996. Montana Natural Heritage Program, Helena, MT. 21 p.
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    • Marnell, L.F. 1996. Amphibian survey of Glacier National Park, Montana. Abstract. Intermountain Journal of Sciences 2(2): 52.
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    • Metter, D.E. 1966. Some temperature and salinity tolerances of Ascaphus truei Stejneger. Journal of Idaho Academy of Sciences 4: 44-47.
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    • Myers, G.S. 1931. Ascaphus truei in Humboldt County, California, with a note on the habits of the tadpole. Copeia 1931: 56-67.
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    • Nielson, M., K. Lohman, and J. Sullivan. 2001. Phylogeography of the tailed frog (Ascaphus truei): implications for the biogeography of the Pacific Northwest. Evolution 55: 147-160.
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    • Nishikawa, K.C. 1991. Kinematics of prey capture in the tailed frog Ascaphus truei (Anura: Ascaphidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 103(3): 289-307.
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    • Northrop, Devine & Tarbell, Inc. 1994. Cabinet Gorge and Noxon Rapids hydroelectric developments: 1993 wildlife study. Unpublished report to the Washington Water Power Company, Spokane. Vancouver, Washington and Portland, Maine. 144 pp. plus appendices.
    • Pauken, R.J. and D.E. Metter. 1971. Geographic representation of morphologic variation among populations of Ascaphus truei Stejneger. Systematic Zoology 20: 434-441.
    • Pilliod, D.S. and P.S. Corn. 2003. Changes in stream amphibian populations following large fires in Idaho. Abstract. Northwestern Naturalist 84:110.
    • Pilliod, D.S. and P.S. Corn. 2004. Effects of wildfires on stream amphibian populations in the greater Northwest. Abstract. Northwestern Naturalist 85:85.
    • Pusey, H.K. 1943. On the head of the liopelmid frog Ascaphus truei. Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science 84: 105-185.
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    • Reichel, J. and D. Flath. 1995. Identification of Montana's amphibians and reptiles. Montana Outdoors 26(3):15-34.
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    • Reichel, J.D. 1996. Preliminary amphibian and reptile survey of the Helena National Forest: 1995. Montana Natural Heritage Program. Helena, MT. 87 pp.
    • Reichel, J.D. 1997a. Amphibian, reptile and northern bog lemming survey on the Rocky Mountain Front: 1996. Montana Natural Heritage Program, Helena, MT. 81 p.
    • Rich, C.F. 1996. Influence of abiotic and biotic factors on occurrence of resident Bull Trout in fragmented habitats, western Montana. M.Sc. Thesis. Bozeman, MT: Montana State University. 44 p.
    • Ritland, K., L.A. Dupuis, F.L. Bunnell, W.L.Y. Hung, and J.E. Carlson. 2000. Phylogeography of the tailed frog (Ascaphus truei). Canadian Journal of Zoology 78: 1749-1758.
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    • Rodgers, T. L. and W. L. Jellison. 1942. A collection of amphibians and reptiles from western Montana. Copeia (1):10-13.
    • Roedel, M.D. and P. Hendricks. 1998a. Amphibian and reptile survey on the Bureau of Land Management Lewistown District: 1995-1998. Montana Natural Heritage Program, Helena, MT. 53 p.
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    • Rundio, D.E. and C.P. Hawkins. 2000. Effects of tailed frog tadpole density on tadpole growth, invertebrate abundance, and algal abundance. Northwestern Naturalist 81(2):87.
    • Schell, S.C. 1964. Bunoderella metteri gen. and sp. N. (Trematoda: Allocreadiidae) and other trematode parasites of Ascaphus truei Stejneger. Journal of Parasitology 50(5): 652-655.
    • Schell, S.C., G. Anderson and I. Pratt. 1965. The life cycle of Bunoderella metteri (Allocreadiidae: Bunoderinae), a trematode parasite of Ascaphus truei. Journal of Parasitology 51(4): 579-582.
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    • Schmidt, P.S. 1970. Auditory receptors of two mating call-less anurans. Copeia 1970: 169-170.
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Rocky Mountain Tailed Frog — Ascaphus montanus.  Montana Field Guide.  .  Retrieved on , from